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Science 8 > Cells and Systems > Flashcards

Cells and Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are microscopes used for?

A

To see the invisible world of micro-organisms.

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2
Q

Who was Anton van Leeuwenhoek?

A

He studied blood, pond water, and substances from his teeth, built microscopes magnified to 300x, 1632-1723, first to observe red blood cells, first to see single-celled organisms he called “animalcules”, Dutch

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3
Q

Who is Robert Hooke?

A

Built microscopes around the same time as Leeuwenhoek, 1635-1703, English, called tiny boxes in cork cellulae, now cells.

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4
Q

What did Matthias Scheleiden and Theodore Schwann do?

A

They said all living things are made of cells and with Rudolf Virchow formed the cell theory.

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5
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

All living things are composed of cells and cells are the basic unit of structure and functions in all organisms. Also all cells come from pre-existing cells.

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6
Q

What does each cell have?

A

Certain structures that help the cell work.

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7
Q

What does multicellular mean?

A

Many celled organisms

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8
Q

What does unicellular mean?

A

Single-celled organisms

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9
Q

What is the difference between plant cells and animal cells?

A

Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplast, and are rectangular and the animal cell does not have any of that. The vacuole is also much larger in a plant cell.

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10
Q

Does movement mean something is alive?

A

No, fire moves but it is not alive.

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of living organisms?

A

Energy, Environment, Reproduction, Growth, and Waste

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12
Q

Where do animals get their energy?

A

Food, other animals or plants. They have digestive systems to digest their food.

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13
Q

Where do plants get their energy?

A

Through photosynthesis. They have chloroplast for this.

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14
Q

Why do different animals and plants need different environments?

A

Because some plants need more sun than others, and plants are all around the world. Some animals feed at night and some live in the water or trees.

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15
Q

Why do living organisms reproduce?

A

So life can continue.

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16
Q

How do plants reproduce?

A

Through spreading seeds.

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17
Q

How do animals reproduce?

A

Through eggs, and live-birth

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18
Q

How do plants and animals grow?

A

From small to big

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19
Q

How do humans get rid of waste?

A

Through breathing, pooping, and urine.

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20
Q

How do plants get rid of waste?

A

Through diffusion.

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21
Q

What are cells?

A

Tiny living structures that all things are made of

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22
Q

What are groups of the same cells?

A

Tissue.

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23
Q

What is tissue?

A

Groups of the same type of cells that work together to do a job.

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24
Q

What are groups of the same tissue?

A

Organ.

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25
Q

What are organs?

A

Groups of the same type of tissue that work together to do a job.

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26
Q

What are groups of the same organs?

A

Organ systems

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27
Q

Why might biologists think that the cell is the most important characteristic of all living things?

A

Because they are the basic unit of every system and because cells make up every living organism. Cells also make up tissue, organs, and organ systems,

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28
Q

Name characteristics of living things, a dog wags its tail when you say it’s time for a walk?

A

Environment and Energy

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29
Q

Name characteristics of living things, a robin eats a worm?

A

Energy

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30
Q

Name characteristics of living things, a plant releases oxygen during photosynthesis?

A

Waste

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31
Q

Name characteristics of living things, you sweat after gym class?

A

Waste

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32
Q

How are you and a dandelion similar, how do you differ?

A

We are similar because we are both made of cells and we both grow, reproduce, adapt to our environment, need energy, and produce waste. We differ because we are made of different cells, and because ourorgans are different.

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33
Q

Fire moves, grows, and produces waste. But is it living?

A

No. Fire is not a living organism because it is not made up of cells, Every living organism has to be made up of cells, but fire is not made of cells, therefore, it is not living.

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34
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

Provides structural support for the plant cell.

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35
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Its job is to be selectively permeable which means that it regulates what comes in and out of the cell.

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36
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

Controls all the activity in the cell. Holds DNA

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37
Q

What does the cytoplasm do?

A

Hold all the organelles in the cell.

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38
Q

What does the Endoplasmic Reticulum do?

A

It moves items to different parts of the cell.

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39
Q

What do the ribosomes do?

A

Build protein in the cell.

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40
Q

What do vacuoles do?

A

Holds nutrients in the cell

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41
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

Holds enzymes to break down the nutrients in the cell to be digested.

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42
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

Provides energy for the cell.

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43
Q

What does chloroplast do?

A

Provides the green colour for plants, and provides energy for the cell.

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44
Q

What does selectively permeable mean?

A

A membrane that only allows some materials to come in and out of the cell.

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45
Q

What does permeable mean?

A

A membrane that lets all materials in and out of the cell.

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46
Q

What does impermeable mean?

A

A membrane that does not let any materials in the cell.

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47
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The spreading out process.

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48
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

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49
Q

Where does water move in osmosis?

A

Water moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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50
Q

What is phloem tissue?

A

Tissue that transports sugars manufactured in the leaves to the rest of the plant.

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51
Q

What is Xylem tissue?

A

Tissue that conducts water and minerals absorbed by the root cells to every cell in the plant.

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52
Q

What is vascular tissue?

A

Tissue that connects the roots to the leaves.

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53
Q

What are root hairs?

A

Extensions of single epidermal cells..

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54
Q

What are epidermal cells?

A

They form epidermal tissue, which protects the outside of the plant.

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55
Q

What are singular stomas?

A

Tiny openings on the underside of the leaf.

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56
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The loss of water from a plant through evaporation.

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57
Q

What connects every plant cell from the roots to the leaves?

A

Fine columns of water

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58
Q

What happens when water is drawn into the root hairs through osmosis?

A

It pushes slender water columns up the plant.

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59
Q

How is water drawn into the root hairs?

A

Osmosis

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60
Q

How is water lost from leaves?

A

Transpiration

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61
Q

What happens when water is lost from the leaves through transpiration?

A

It pulls water up the xylem tissues from the roots.

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62
Q

What do multicellular organisms have?

A

Different types of cells

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63
Q

How are multicellular organisms’ cells organized?

A

In ways that help them complete their jobs

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64
Q

Where do multicellular organisms come from?

A

They grow from singular cells that repeatedly divide, but the cells are not the same

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65
Q

What do different cells have?

A

Different jobs and appearances.

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66
Q

What is a specialized cell?

A

A cell with unique structures for particular tasks. Ex. Skin cells protect you from the sun while muscle cells move body parts

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67
Q

What are things that make it hard for unicellular organisms to live?

A

They can only live in certain environments and they cannot grow very large.

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68
Q

What are things that make it easy for multicellular organisms to live?

A

They can live in many different environments, they can grow large, they can get their energy from many different foods, each cell can work more effectively, and their bodies are more complex.

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69
Q

What is each organ made of?

A

Several different tissues working together.

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70
Q

Do plants have organs?

A

Yes, roots, stem, leaves

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71
Q

Do animals have organs?

A

Yes, lungs, heart, kidneys

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72
Q

What do organs form?

A

Systems.

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73
Q

What are the 2 main systems in a plant?

A

Root system and shoot system

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74
Q

What is the job of the root system?

A

To obtain water and minerals from the soil and anchor the plant in the ground.

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75
Q

What is the job of the shoot system?

A

To make food for the plant.

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76
Q

What plants have a reproductive system?

A

Flowering plants

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77
Q

What is the job of the plant reproductive system?

A

To make flowers, fruits, and seeds

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78
Q

What is in the digestive system?

A

Mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, and anus

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79
Q

What is in the respiratory system?

A

Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveolus, and lungs

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80
Q

What is in the circulatory system?

A

Heart, blood, and blood vessels

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81
Q

How are the respiratory and circulatory systems connected?

A

They work together, they come very close in the lung tissue, they both involve a series of tubes, diffusion causes oxygen to pass from the alveoli to capillaries, and oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through alveoli and capillaries.

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82
Q

How are the digestive and circulatory systems connected?

A

The bloodstream carries food particles, and the transfer of food to blood happens in the small intestine where there are villi made of capillaries, and dissolved food particles pass from the intestine to the capillaries through absorption.

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83
Q

What is in the nervous system?

A

The brain, spinal cord, and nerves

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84
Q

What is the job of the endocrine system?

A

To control the glands that produce hormones.

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85
Q

What is the job of the digestive system?

A

To break down food, absorb food particles and eliminate waste

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86
Q

What is the job of the respiratory system?

A

To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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87
Q

What is the job of the circulatory system?

A

To circulate blood, transport blood particles, dissolved gases, and other materials.

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88
Q

What is the job of the nervous system?

A

To control and co-ordinate body activities and sense internal and external changes so the body can respond.

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89
Q

What is the job of the excretory system?

A

To remove liquid and gas waste from the body.

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90
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Groups of different organs that work together to do a job.

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91
Q

What does a single cellular organism have to do?

A

Complete every job

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92
Q

Is a single cellular organism one or multiple cells?

A

1

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93
Q

What is a disadvantage of being a single cellular organism?

A

They are limited to taking food in through their membrane

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94
Q

Why do muscle cells have lots of mitocondrias?

A

Because they need lots of energy, ATP

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95
Q

Why are neurons so long?

A

Because they need to signal connections

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96
Q

Why are bone cells very compact?

A

So they can be strong

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97
Q

Why are red blood cells disk-shaped?

A

So they can collect oxygen

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98
Q

What is the job of stem cells?

A

To become any type of cell in the human body.

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99
Q

How many specialized cells are in the human body?

A

Over 200

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100
Q

What are the main types of tissues in animals?

A

Muscle tissue, Epithelial tissue, Connective Tissue, and Nerve Tissue.

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101
Q

What are the main types of tissues in plants?

A

Phloem tissue, xylem tissue, and Edimermal tissue.

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102
Q

What are some systems in plants?

A

Root system, shoot system, and reproductive when plants are flowering.

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103
Q

What are some systems in humans?

A

Digestive, Circulatory, and Respiratory. There are 11 systems in the human body.

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104
Q

What do veins do?

A

Bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Depicted as a blue colour.

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105
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Take oxygenated blood throughout the body.

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106
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Tiny blood vessels that surround alveoli in the lungs.

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107
Q

What is skin tissue called?

A

Epithelial Tissue

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108
Q

What is the heart?

A

A muscle.

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109
Q

What happens to your pulse when you exercise?

A

Your pulse increases.

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110
Q

How is food broken down in the mouth?

A

Saliva has enzymes which break down the food in the mouth.

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111
Q

How is food broken down?

A

Into usable, soluble particles that each cell can use.

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112
Q

What happens to unused food?

A

It is expelled as waste.

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113
Q

What systems does the digestive system interact with?

A

Muscular, Skeletal, and Circulatory

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114
Q

What is food turned into?

A

Fat, protein, and eventually energy

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115
Q

What is a bolus?

A

The mass of chewed food before swallowing.

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116
Q

What is the peristalsis?

A

The muscle contractions that move eaten food through the digestive system.

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117
Q

Is the peristalsis a smooth or striated muscle?

A

Smooth

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118
Q

What systems does the respiratory system interact with?

A

Circulatory and Muscular

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119
Q

What kind of system is the Circulatory?

A

A pump system, pump, pipes, and fluid

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120
Q

What is the atrium?

A

The upper cavity of the heart, where blood is passed to the ventricle.

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121
Q

What does the right atrium do?

A

Receives deoxygenated blood.

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122
Q

What does the left atrium do?

A

Receives oxygenated blood.

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123
Q

What is the ventricle?

A

Chambers of the heart that recieves blood from the atrium and moves it to the arteries.

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124
Q

What is a vein?

A

A blood vessel that moves deoxygenated blood to the heart.

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125
Q

What are arteries?

A

A blood vessel that moves oxygenated blood throughout the body.

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126
Q

What is the order of the heart?

A

Veins, Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, Lungs, Left Atrium, Left Ventricle, Arteries, Body

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127
Q

Where does the interaction of the circulatory and respiratory systems happen?

A

In the tissue of the lungs.

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128
Q

What are the key organs in the excretory system?

A

Lungs, kidneys, liver, and skin

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129
Q

What do lungs do in the excretory system?

A

To expel CO2

130
Q

What does the skin do in the excretory system?

A

Sweat to eliminate excess water, salts, and urea

131
Q

What is urea?

A

A protein metabolism waste

132
Q

What does the liver do in the excretory system?

A

Breaks down substances

133
Q

What do the kidneys do in the excretory system?

A

Get rid of excess water and waste from the bloodstream

134
Q

What is the main organ in the excretory system?

A

The kidneys

135
Q

What lines the kidneys?

A

Blood vessels

136
Q

What do kidneys turn waste into?

A

Urine

137
Q

What can kidneys do?

A

Activate vitamin d and increase the production of blood cells

138
Q

What is the function of the muscular system?

A

To contract or relax to cause movement that is voluntarily and involuntarily

139
Q

What is the function of the skeletal system?

A

To provide structure for bodies. It gives body shape, allows movement, makes blood cells, and provides protection for organs.

140
Q

How are villi shaped?

A

Like fingers

141
Q

Why are villi shaped the way they are?

A

They are shaped like fingers so there is more surface area to absorb food particles.

142
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A

Network of organs that work together to absorb nutrients, eliminate solid waste, and create energy.

143
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Deliver food to the stomach, not the lungs.

144
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

Tube that brings food down to the stomach.

145
Q

What does the mouth have?

A

Salivary glands that create saliva to moisten food, and let it slide down the esophagus.

146
Q

What is the liver?

A

The largest solid organ. Filters blood, reduces blood clotting and resists blood pressure.

147
Q

What is the largest solid organ?

A

Liver

148
Q

What is the stomach?

A

Holds food and mixes it with acids that break down the food and turn it into a paste.

149
Q

What is the gallbladder?

A

Holds bile, thick liquid that is produced by the liver. This helps you digest fat.

150
Q
A
151
Q

What is the large intestine?

A

Absorbs salt and water not being digested.

152
Q

What is the small intestine?

A

Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients.

153
Q

What is the appendix?

A

Stores healthy gut bacteria.

154
Q

What is the rectum?

A

8 inch chamber connecting colon to anus

155
Q

What tissues are in the digestive system?

A

Mucosa, Submacose, Serosa, and Muscular tissue

156
Q
A
157
Q
A
158
Q

What is serosa tissue made of?

A

Epithelial cells

159
Q

What is muscular tissue made of?

A

Muscle cells and myocytes

160
Q

What is dyspepsia?

A

Repeating stomach aches

161
Q

What is chronic liver disease?

A

Deterioration of the liver and its functions over 1 year or more

162
Q

How does the digestive system react to stimuli?

A

The smell and taste of food prepares the body and stomach for food.

163
Q

How do the digestive and muscular systems work together?

A

The digestive systems give the muscles food particles which the cells need to survive. Tounge, a main part of both systems.

164
Q

About how many times do people breathe a day?

A

2000

165
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

Move air into the body and remove gas

166
Q

What are sinuses?

A

They filter air before it enters the body, prevents illness

167
Q

What is the larynx?

A

Stops food from entering the lungs.

168
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Guides air to the larynx.

169
Q

What is the trachea?

A

Allows air to enter and exit the lungs.

170
Q

What are lungs?

A

PInkish organs that allow us to breath

171
Q

What is the bronchial?

A

Distributes air through the lungs until it reaches the alveoli.

172
Q

What are the bronchial tubes?

A

Let air in and out of the lungs.

173
Q

What are the alveoli?

A

Air sacks that exchange oxygen and CO2

174
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

Dome-shaped muscle. Contracts and releases to move air into the lungs.

175
Q

How does the respiratory system react to stimuli?

A

CO2 is the major stimulus. This system adjusts the breathing rate if the CO2 increases or decreases.

176
Q

What are some diseases in the respiratory system?

A

Asthma

177
Q

How do the respiratory and muscular systems interact?

A

Diaphragm muscle in both systems.

178
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

Send signals to your organs and muscles to breathe, pump blood, and contract and release.

179
Q

How does the nervous system react to stimuli?

A

Sends signals to your muscles to contract and release when the environment around you changes.

180
Q

What is in the Cervical?

A

Neck muscles, shoulders, and wrists

181
Q

What is in the Thoracic?

A

Hands, trunk, and abdominals

182
Q

What is in the Lumbar?

A

Hips, feet, hamstrings, and quads

183
Q

What is in the Sacral?

A

Bladder

184
Q

What is the brain?

A

The centre of the nervous system and controls organs

185
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

Connection between the brain and nerves

186
Q

What are nerves?

A

Cords that send electrical signals to your brain.

187
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

Makes instructions and muscle contractions

188
Q

What is the cerebral?

A

Receives messages and processes information

189
Q

What is the medulla?

A

Bottom of the brain stem, regulates blood pressure, reflexes

190
Q

What are neurons?

A

Cells that send electrical signals to the brain.

191
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Maintenance keepers of neurons by providing physical and chemical support.

192
Q

What is the function of the skeletal system?

A

Give the body shape, help you move, protect vital organs, create new blood cells, and sort minerals

193
Q
A
194
Q

What is spinal scoliosis?

A

Unknown cause, spine is curved, no cure.

195
Q

How does the skeletal system react to stimuli?

A

Shivering causes skeletal muscle contractions to warm up. If bodies are really hot bones become tired.

196
Q

How do the skeletal and nervous systems interact?

A

The skeletal system protects the nervous system

197
Q

What does bone marrow do?

A

Produces blood cells

198
Q

What is the skull?

A

Protects the brain. Made of 22 bones

199
Q

What is the spine?

A

Gives the body structure and support, and protects the spinal cord. Made of 33 bones

200
Q

What is the rib cage?

A

Protects organs, lungs and heart. Made of 24 bones

201
Q

What is the sternum?

A

Protects the lungs and heart

202
Q

What are in the arms?

A

Ulna, radius, humerus

203
Q

What are in the legs?

A

Femur, Patella, Fibula, Tibia

204
Q

What does the pelvis connect?

A

Connects the upper and lower body.

205
Q

What is in the pelvis?

A

Hip bone, sacrum, coccyx

206
Q

How many bones do the hands have?

A

27

207
Q

How many bones do the feet have?

A

26

208
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system?

A

To provide oxygenated blood to the body and to remove waste products (CO2)

209
Q

What is the heart?

A

Organ that pumps blood through the body.

210
Q

What are arteries?

A

Blood vessels that bring oxygenated blood through the body

211
Q

What are veins?

A

Blood vessels that bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

212
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Small blood vessels that exchange nutrients and gases.

213
Q

What is blood?

A

A fluid that carries nutrients and oxygen to cells.

214
Q

What are the tissues in the heart?

A

Epicardium (outside), Mayocardium (middle), and Endocardium (inner)

215
Q

How do the respiratory and circulatory systems interact?

A

Interact in the alveoli, and exchange CO2 and oxygen. Oxygen enters the bloodstream through diffusion.

216
Q

How do the skeletal and circulatory systems interact?

A

The skeletal system creates blood cells for the circulatory system.

217
Q

How does the circulatory system react to stimuli?

A

Blood pressure and heart rate increase and decrease depending on the temperature

218
Q

What is a STEMI heart attack?

A

Heart disease affecting the left chambers

219
Q

What could a Mitral Valve Prolapse cause?

A

Could cause blood to leak backwards into the left atrium.

220
Q

What is the function of the muscular system?

A

The complex network of tissues that aid movement, stability, and posture.

221
Q

How many muscles are in the body?

A

600

222
Q

What is the bicep?

A

Upper arm muscle. Moves shoulder to elbow

223
Q

What is the external oblique?

A

Flat muscle. Rotates trunk, flexes the spine.

224
Q

What is the longest muscle in the human body?

A

Sartorius

225
Q

What is the Sartorius?

A

Thin muscle. Flex and rotate hip joint

226
Q

What are the quadriceps?

A

Group of 4 muscles on front of thigh

227
Q

What is the deltoid?

A
228
Q

What does tricep mean?

A

3 heads

229
Q

What is the gluteus maximus?

A

Buttocks muscle. Hip extension and lateral rotation of the thigh.

230
Q

What is the largest buttocks muscle?

A

Gluteus maximus

231
Q

What does the muscular system depend on?

A

Nutrition, Hydration, physical activity, and rest

232
Q

What does the muscular system work with?

A

The nervous, circulatory, and respiratory systems work together to create movement.

233
Q

What are the most important organs in the muscular system?

A

Heart and digestive organs

234
Q

What can damaged tissue be fixed with?

A

Cell division. New cells replace damaged cells

235
Q
A
236
Q

What is the main goal of the digestive system?

A

Everything happens in the digestive system so that nutrients can be small enough to be absorbed by individual cells

237
Q

What are the main components of the digestive system?

A

-mouth
-salivary glands
-esophagus
-stomach
-small and large intestine

238
Q

What is Peristalsis?

A

Involuntary muscle contractions that move food through the digestive system

239
Q

What are the types of digestion?

A

-chemical
-mechanical

240
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

The digestion in the stomach with acids breaking down the food

241
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

The digestion in the mouth, when you are chewing your food to break it down

242
Q

What are the main components of the respiratory system?

A

-nasal cavity
-trachea
-larynx
-lungs
-bronchus
-bronchioles
-diaphragm
-alveoli

243
Q

What does the diaphragm do?

A

It is a muscle that helps exchange gases, and changes the pressure in the lungs and chest cavity to allow gases to exchange

244
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Air sacks on the end of bronchioles that exchange gases, CO2 and oxygen

245
Q

What is in blood?

A

White blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.

246
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Fight infection

247
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Stop bleeding

248
Q

Why do arteries have thicker walls?

A

Because they are under more pressure and force, because the blood they are carrying has oxygen

249
Q

Which have thinner walls veins or arteries?

A

Veins

250
Q

What are the walls like on capillaries?

A

They have very thin walls with only one layer of cells

251
Q

What are the main components of the circulatory system?

A

-heart
-arteries
-veins
-atria
-ventricle
-capillaries
-blood

252
Q

What covers alveoli?

A

Capillaries

253
Q

Where do veins pick up oxygen?

A

In the capillaries

254
Q

What is diffusion in alveoli and capillaries?

A

When the gases are exchanged through the cell membrane

255
Q

What is absorption in the villi and capillaries?

A

When the food particles go through the cell membrane into the bloodstream

256
Q

Where are the villi?

A

In the small intestine

257
Q

What are the main components of the excretory system?

A

-lungs
-skin
-liver
-kidneys
-nephrons

258
Q

What are in the kidneys?

A

Nephrons

259
Q

What do the nephrons do?

A

Filter blood, take out waste products and return needed substances back into the blood

260
Q

What do Motor neurons do?

A

Tells the body how to move

261
Q

What do Sensory Neurons do?

A

Feel the different inputs from the outside world

262
Q

What are the main parts of the nervous system?

A

-brain
-spinal cord
-central nervous system
-peripheral nervous system
-neurons

263
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

Just the brain and spinal cord

264
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

All of the nerves outside of your brain and spinal cord which send messages back to the brain

265
Q

What are the different types of muscle?

A

-Skeletal muscles
-Smooth muscle
-Cardiac muscles

266
Q

What do skeletal muscles do?

A

Help the body move and stabilize

267
Q

What do smooth muscles do?

A

They do the internal involuntary muscle movements, like your diaphragm

268
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

The muscle that makes up the heart.

269
Q

How many bones are in the adult human body?

A

206-213 depends if all the fusions happen while growing up

270
Q

How many bones are in a child’s human body?

A

270 because bones fuse together to create larger bones

271
Q

How long does fusion take to be completed?

A

Until you are about 25

272
Q

What is the smallest bone in the human body?

A

Stapes

273
Q

Where is the stapes?

A

The inner ear

274
Q

What is the largest bone in the human body?

A

Femur

275
Q

Where is the femur?

A

Upper leg

276
Q

What is bolus?

A

The small rounded mass of a substance, especially of chewed food at the moment of swallowing.

277
Q

Why does our breathing rate increase?

A

Because our muscles demand more oxygen

278
Q

How are materials exchanged between unicellular organisms?

A

Between the cell and its external environment

279
Q

How are materials exchanged between multicellular organisms?

A

Go through the circulatory system to the cells

280
Q

How are substances brought to cells?

A

Blood

281
Q

How much of the body is blood?

A

About 8%

282
Q

What is Plasma?

A

The liquid part of blood that transports carbon dioxide made by the body

283
Q

What do red blood cells contain?

A

Hemoglobin to attract oxygen

284
Q

How much of blood is plasma?

A

55%

285
Q

How much of blood is red blood cells?

A

44%

286
Q

How much of blood is white blood cells?

A

Less than 1%

287
Q

How much of blood is platelets?

A

Less than 1%

288
Q

How much of blood is plasma and red blood cells?

A

More than 99%

289
Q

What happens if the respiratory or digestive system is not working properly?

A

It affects the circulatory system

290
Q

How many Canadians go to the hospital for circualtory disorders?

A

15%

291
Q

How many Canadians go to the hospital for digestive disorders?

A

11%

292
Q

How many Canadians go to the hospital for respiratory disorders?

A

10%

293
Q

What is the leading cause of death in North America?

A

Circulatory system disorders

294
Q

What is high blood pressure also called?

A

Hypertension

295
Q

How does high blood pressure affect the human body?

A

It can affects the circulation of blood and leads to heart attacks and strokes

296
Q

What is a heart attack?

A

Damage to the heart muscle

297
Q

What is a stroke?

A

Brain Damage

298
Q

What will people with hypertension feel?

A

Maybe nothing, also called the silent killer

299
Q

What measures blood pressure?

A

Sphygmomanometer

300
Q

What is in a Sphygmomanometer?

A

Inflatable pump that blocks artery

301
Q

How do people listen to blood?

A

Stethoscope

302
Q

What does blood pressure indicate?

A

Volume of blood, Heart rate, Artery size, artery elasticity, and blood viscosity

303
Q

What makes you more likely to have a circulatory system problem?

A

Smoking, high cholesterol in blood, high blood pressure, lack of exercise

304
Q

What does nicotine cause in the Circulatory System?

A

Causes blood vessels to constrict increasing heart rate and raising blood pressure. Co2 in the smoke causes oxygen to decrease in the blood

305
Q

What can a poor diet cause?

A

Circulatory system disorders, high salt=higher blood pressure causing greater strain on the heart. High fat= cholesterol to build up in arteries, become narrow then blocked, tears in blood vessel walls causing blood clots, cause strokes, blood flow down causing heart attacks

306
Q

What should you do to keep your circulatory system healthy?

A

Not smoking, proper diet, and regular exercise.

307
Q
A
308
Q

What is the path of food?

A

Food provides nutrients in the form of carbs, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water which provide energy and materials used for growth, development, and repair.

309
Q

What provides energy?

A

Carbohydrates -Starches and sugar

310
Q

What starches should you eat?

A

Fleshy fruits, beans, and peas because they are high fibre and quick energy

311
Q

What do fats do?

A

Provide energy to cushion vital organs from shock

312
Q

What proteins should you eat?

A

Meat, fish, eggs, these are for growth and repair tissues

313
Q

What does a low-fibre diet do?

A

When there is little fibre, it takes the colon alonger time to process waste material (feces). This increases the chances of irritating the colon wall. Over a long period of time, a low-fibre diet may lead to colon cancer.

314
Q

What causes colon cancer?

A

Skipping meals, eat too much too quickly at one meal,
and eat foods high in sugar, cholesterol, and salt. All of these habits contribute to colon cancer, but a low-fibre diet is the most important contributing factor.

315
Q

What is a peptic ulcer?

A

When the stomach or small intestine is damaged by excess stomach acid.

316
Q

What does smoking cause?

A

More mucus causes bronchitis which can be treated but it can cause emphysema, major cause of smoking. Lung cancer

317
Q

What are the essential needs?

A

Clean air, water, nutritious foods, exercise, sleep,

318
Q

What are cilia?

A

Tiny hairlike projections that line the respiratory system to take out airborne particles

319
Q

What does regular exercise do?

A

Exercise helps to human body to process food and oxygen quicker.

320
Q

When does your immune system work better?

A

When you are well-fed and rested

321
Q
A

Science 8 (2 decks)

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