- A membrane bound organelle - Most cells have one - Holds most of the cells genetic material - Structural support for the genetic material provided by the nuclear laminate (laminate proteins)

Cells and their organelles Flashcards by Ailish Kemble

What is an organelle?

A membrane bound or non membrane bound subcellular structure with one or more specific functions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the nucleus?

A membrane bound organelle
Most cells have one
Holds most of the cells genetic material
Structural support for the genetic material provided by the nuclear laminate (laminate proteins)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the nuclear envelope?

Bilayer of 2x phospholipid bilayers
Inner membrane connected to lamin proteins of nucleus
Outer membrane connected to endoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the purpose of the nuclear envelope?

Contains many pores to regulate passage of molecules in and out of the nucleus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the nucleolus?

Located inside the nucleus
Made of proteins and rDNA
The site of ribosome production

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the nucleoli’s role in diagnosing disease?

The appearance of the nucleolus is used to grade cancers by pathologists

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the function of the ribosome?

Site of protein synthesis (mRNA translation)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the structure of the ribosome?

Composed of 2 subunits
- Large subunit (50s), binds to tRNA
- Small subunit (30s), binds to mRNA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is ribosomes role for treating disease?

The fact that eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes have a different structure makes them a target for antibiotics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are free ribosomes?

Make proteins for use in the cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are bound ribosomes?

Make proteins for export or for membrane surface (on surface of RER)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the rough ER & its functions?

Continuous with nuclear membrane and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- Protein synthesis & protein modification

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the Smooth ER and what is its function?

Originates from and stays continuous with RER
No ribosomes on surface
Synthesises:
-Lipids
-Cholesterol
-steroid hormones
- Phospholipids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

Helps to process and package proteins and lipids made by the endoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the Cis face?

side of the golgi apparatus where stuff comes in, is closer/ facing the nucleus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the protein trafficking pathway?

Nucleus— RER—-SER— Cis golgi—– (lysosome) or trans golgi—- secretory vesicle—- exocytic vesicle—- extra cellular space

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are proteasomes?

A protein complex that degrades unneeded or damaged proteins via the ubiquitin proteasome system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the steps in the Ubiquitin- proteasome pathway?

Tag protein with ubiquitin
Proteolysis by proteasome
(very specific process)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are lysosomes?

Membrane bounded spheres full of digestive enzymes (hydrolases)
- have a low pH
- bud from golgi
- The recycling center of the cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the functions of lysosomes?

Recycling old organelles into amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids and sugars to be used again
Apoptosis
Destroy micro organisms, so lots in macrophages

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Lysozyme?

Study These Flashcards

An enzyme found in bodily secretions such as tears, saliva and milk. It functions as an antimicrobial agent by destroying bacterial cell walls

What is Liposome?

Study These Flashcards

a man made spherical vesicle with a lipid bilayer membrane
Used lots in research/ drug and vaccine delivery

What are peroxisomes?

Study These Flashcards

Another membrane- bound cell organelle full of enzymes (oxidases)
Originate from ER

What are the main functions of peroxisomes?

Study These Flashcards

Scavenge free radicals
Lipid metabolism

What is the diameter of microtubules?

25nm with 15nm lumen

What are the protein subunits of microtubules?

Tubulin, a diner consisting of a-tubulin & B- tubulin

What is the main function of microtubules?

Chromosome movements in cell division

What are the 3 parts of the cytoskeleton?

Microtubules Intermediate Filaments Microfilaments (Actin filaments)

What is the structure of intermediate filaments?

Fibrous proteins supercoiled into thicker cables

What is the diameter of Intermediate filaments?

8-12nm

What are the protein subunits of intermediate filaments?

One of several different proteins of the keratin family, depending on cell type

What are the key functions of intermediate filaments?

Maintain cell shape Formation of nuclear lamina

What is the structure of microfilaments?

Two intertwined strands of actin, each a polymer of actin subunits

What is the diameter of microfilaments?

7nm

What are the protein subunits of microfilaments?

Actin

What are the main functions of microfilaments?

Muscle contraction Cell division (cleavage furrow formation)

What are the 10 features of a mitochondria?

Porin Outer membrane Inter membrane space Inner membrane Matrix Cristae Ribosome Circular DNA ATP synthase ETC (electron transport chain)

What are diseases from mitochondrial DNA?

Occurs when mutations are inherited in mitochondrial DNA Rare and severe Can only be inherited from the mother

What is Aerobic respiration?

Getting energy from fuel using oxygen

What is the site of aerobic respiration?

Cell cytoplasm (step 1) and mitochondria (step 2-4)

What are the 4 steps in aerobic respiration?

1. Glycolysis (glucose to pyruvate) 2. Link reaction (pyruvate to acetyl CoA) 3. Krebs cycle (acetyl CoA into coenzymes NADH and FADH2) 4. Oxidative phosphorylation/ ETC (ATPsynthetase makes ATP)

What are the end products of aerobic respiration?

Water CO2 36 ATP

What is anaerobic respiration?

Getting energy from fuel without using oxygen

What is the site of anaerobic respiration?

Cell cytoplasm

What are the 2 steps in Anaerobic respiration?

1. Glycolysis (glucose to pyruvate) 2. NAD regeneration

What are the products of anaerobic respiration?

Lactic acid 2 ATP

What are the cytoplasm and cytosol?

Liquid parts of the cell

What is the cytosol?

- semi fluid substance filling the interior of the cell and embedding the other organelles - the space is enclosed by the cell membrane and the membranes of different organelles, thus making up a separate cellular compartment

What is the cytoplasm?

Cytosol + all organelles- nucleus

What is the protoplasm?

Cytosol+ all organelles (inc nucleus)

Cells and their organelles Flashcards

(50 cards)