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PTRS 882 - Exam 1 and 2 > Cells and Tissue > Flashcards

Cells and Tissue Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Nucleus

A

Stores DNA

Ribosomal RNA made here

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2
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis

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3
Q

ER

A

Folds proteins into their shapes

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4
Q

Golgi

A

Packages synthesized materials into vesicles which are stored here or secreted

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5
Q

Mitochondria

A

ATP production

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6
Q

Lysosomes

A

Phagocytosis

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7
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Lipid bilayer that covers cell

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8
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

DNA and RNA

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9
Q

Proteins

A

Enzymes
Catalysts
Antibodies

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10
Q

Lipids

A

Structural
Membrane formation
Signaling molecules

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11
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Cell energy

Structural

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12
Q

Genes

A

1 gene contains information for one protein

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13
Q

DNA Replication Process

A

Double helix unwound by helicase -> two new strands are formed from the original DNA by complimentary binding of base pairs
Semi-conservative- each contain one strand of the original DNA and one new strand

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14
Q

mRNA

A

Takes RNA template to create proteins

Only codes for one gene

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15
Q

rRNA

A

Part of ribosome structure

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16
Q

tRNA

A

Transports amino acids to make proteins

Complimentary binding with mRNA to form proteins

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17
Q

How many total AA’s are there?

A

20

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18
Q

Which RNA mutation is the most serious?

A

rRNA, all ribosomal RNA is defective, so all sections that create protein are affected

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19
Q

Transcription

A

DNA to RNA

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20
Q

Translation

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A

RNA to protein

21
Q

Diffusion

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A

High to low concentration

No energy required

22
Q

Osmosis

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A

Water/solvent from low to high concentration of solvent

No energy required

23
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

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A

Solute moves from high to low concentration of solute
Through protein channel or carrier protein in semipermeable membrane
No energy required

24
Q

Active Transport

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A

ATP helps protein pump moved from low to high solute concentration
APTase breaks down ATP to create energy

25
Anaerobic Respiration (Glycolysis)
1 molecule of glucose -> 2 molecules of ATP | End product is pyruvic acid
26
Aerobic Respiration (Citric Acid Cycle)
1 molecule of glucose -> 34 molecules of ATP
27
Receptors
Communication via hormones, growth factors, chemical transmitted and drugs
28
Channels
Communication via ions
29
Signal Transduction
Cell converts extracellular signal or stimulus to intracellular
30
G-protein coupled receptor
Includes receptor, ligand (primary messenger), intracellular signaling molecules and target proteins
31
Enzyme linked receptor
One transmembrane domain linking extracellular ligand-binding domain with intracellular tyrosine kinase domain
32
Ion-channel receptor
Ligand is absent, no current passes through channel | Ligand is present, small current flows allowing channel to open and specific ions to pass through
33
Excessive reproduction growth
Prevented by inhibitors inside cell
34
Telomere
Pieces of DNA | Portion lost with each cell division until telomere is gone
35
Proliferation
Increase in number of cells
36
Differentiation
Specialization of cells
37
Mitosis
Cell division
38
Hyperplasia
Increase in number of cells
39
Metaplasia
Cell type replaced by different cell type due to chronic irritation (Smoking)
40
Dysplasia
Cells vary in size and shape in response to irritation of mutation
41
Anaplasia
Undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear and cell structures Can't perform initial funciton
42
Neoplasm
New growth or tumor
43
Ischemia
Oxygen deficit due to reduced blood supply
44
Hypoxia
Oxygen deficit due to reduced oxygen in breathed air
45
Oxygen deficits interfere with what?
Energy production Increase flux of calcium inside cell Increases anaerobic metabolism -> dec pH
46
Apoptosis
"Programmed death" | Cells self destruct if there are too many or injured
47
Necrosis
Disrupted cell metabolism | Membrane disintegrates and cell swells and ruptures
48
Vitamin E does what?
Prevents damage from free radicals

PTRS 882 - Exam 1 and 2 (6 decks)

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