cells and tissues Flashcards

Question

desmosomes

Answer 1

plaque attaches to intermediate filaments - keratin k spans from one side of desmosome to other - stability cadherin link cell surface to keratin, span gap resist shearing forces LOCATIONS - cardiac muscle cells, epidermal cells, skin epithelium

Answer 2

anchor epithelia to bm plaque INTEGRIN linker protein binds to LAMININ in bm and KERATIN in cytoplasm

Answer 3

direct connection between cells —> communication 6 connexINs —> 1 connexon / hemichannel —> 2 connexons = gap junction (hydrophillic channel) ions, small mol. (~1kDa mol.) diff from one cystol to another. NOT large molecules eg. protein LOCATIONS - mucles , nerves (impulses), heart, gastointestinal tract, uterus

Answer 4

``` MICROFILAMENTS (eg. actin) - bundles beneath cell mem. and cyt. , strength, alter cell shape, link cyt to mem, tie cells together, muscle contraction INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS (eg keratin) - strength, move materials through cytoplasm ```

Answer 5

2 parts - basal lamina (secreted by epi. cells; collagen, laminin, glycoproteins), reticular lamina (secreted by fibroblasts in connective tissue;fibrous protiens - fibronectin, collagen) epi cells avascular, exchange of nutrients and waste by diff through bm from ct vessels physical barrier supports epi surface where epi cells migrate - growth and wound healing

Answer 6

ARRANGEMENT - simple (single layer) secretion, absorption, filtration, diff, osms - stratified (multiple layers) protection - pseudostratified (looks like strat, not - nuclei diff places, not all reach apical but ALL reach bm) secretion SHAPE - squamous (flat thin) diffusion - cuboidal secretion absorbtion - transitional (strat epi from cuboidal to flat) allow stretching - columnar (taller than wide, apical surfaces have cilia or mv) protection secretion absorption

Answer 7

FILT, DIFF, SECRETION (serous mem) thin, flat, irregular, most delicate, central nucleus MESOTHELIUM - lines serous mem (pericardial, pleural, pentoneal cavities) ENDOTHELIUM - lines inside of <3, blood, lymphatic vessels L: bowmans cap, cardio & lymph sys, eye, lungs, heart

Answer 8

SECRETION ABSORPTION central nucleus L: ovary, kidney tubules, thyroid, pancreas ducts, eye (post. retina; ant. lens)

Answer 9

NON C: SECRETION, ABSORPTION, LUBRICATION (goblet cells) - mv —> high SA —> higher rate of absoption - L: gastointestinal tract, ducts of glands, gallbladder C: cilia beat —> movement of mucus/foreign objects/oocytes - goblet cells - L: bronchioles, fallopian tubes, brain ventricles, spinal chord

Answer 10

ciliated - SECRETION via goblet cells —> trap foreign particles —> cilia sweep away n ciliated - ABSORPTION, PROTECTION no goblet cells L: c = resp tract, nc = larger ducts of glands, epididymus, part of male urethra

Answer 11

PROTECTION from ABRASION, WATER LOSS, UV RADIATION, FOREIGN INVASION (keratinised), MICROBES bottom = cuboidal/columnar, top is squamous apical cells dehydrated less metabolically active —> tough, hard —> die & sloughed off and replaces KERATINISED = tough layer of k in apical surface + several layers deep - waterproof N-K = moistened by mucus, organelles not replaced L: K = skin, N-K = wet surfaces; lining of mouth, oesophagus, vag, covers tongue

Answer 12

PROTECTION, limited s & a rare L: ducts of adult sweat glands, oesophageal glands, part of male urethra

Answer 13

PROTECTION, SECRETION basal layers irregular & short; only apical columnar uncommon L: urethra, oesophageal glands, eye, anus

Answer 14

ALLOW urinary organs to STRETCH, maintain lining while holding FLUID w/o rupturing relaxed = strat cub - apical large round, stretched = strat squamous L: hollow structures; urinary bladder, parts of ureters, urethra

Answer 15

``` endocrine = secrete to blood via interstitial fluid (int —> diff to blood) FAR reaching effects exocrine = secrete to ducts —> empty on surface of covering & lining epi LOCAL/LIMITED effects ```

Answer 16

UNICELLULAR - goblet cells (exocrine) mucus on apical lining of epi MULTICELLULAR: categorised by - branched or unbranched ducts; shape of secretory portion of gland; relo between the two

Answer 17

``` branched ducts = compound non branched ducts = simple s tubular = tubular s rounded = alveolar/acinar s tubular and rounded = tubuloacinar ```

Answer 18

SIMPLE TUBULAR - intestinal glands SIMPLE BRANCHED TUBULAR - gastric glands SIMPLE COILED TUBULAR - meocrine sweat glands SIMPLE ACINAR - urethra (M) SIMPLE BRANCHED ACINAR - sebaceous glands COMPOUND TUBULAR - mucus glands (mouth) COMPOUND ACINAR - mammory glands COMPOUND TUBULOACINAR - pancreas, salivary glands

Answer 19

GS (ground substance) + F (3 major types of protein fibres secreted by cells in ecm - collagen, reticular, elastic)

Answer 20

WATER PROTEINS POLYSACCHARIDES - glycosaminoglycans (GAGS*) * long unbranched polysacc, repeating disacc unit - amino sugar, uronic sugar, highly polar and attract water

Answer 21

trap water to make GS more jelly SULPHATED - bind to core protein —> proteoglycan N-S - hyaluronic acid joined to PGs, unusual as ns and no covalent bond to c protein APPLICATIONS • HA - viscous, slippery, bind cells together, lubricates joints, maintains shape of eyeball • hyaluronidase - digest HA, prod by sperm, WBC, bacteria —> GS more liquid —> move more easily • (GS) chondoitin sulphate - support & adhesive feats of cartilage, bone, skin, bv • keratan s - bone, cartilage, cornea of eye • dermatan s - skin, tendons, bv, heart valves

Answer 22

periorbital ECM decomp & thyroid dis. = exopthalamus decomp of gags —> influx of h2o —> more orbital contents behind eye (ecm in tissues) —> eyes forward autoimmune overreaction of goitre = swollen thyroid gland AI action on firbroblasts in ecm of eye common in younger women

Answer 23

collagen (thick)- strong & flexible resist pulling forces, feat. vary in diff tissues, 25% of body (most abundant protein), parallell bundles. L: bone, cart., tendons, ligaments reticular - fine bundles of c + glycop coating (= more protein than sugar), made by fibroblasts, strength + support, thinner branches in tissue, networks in v & tissues (esp. adipose, nerve, smooth muscle), bm elastic - thinner than c, fibrous network, elastin (p) + surrounded by fibrillin (glycop) —> strength, stability, stretch 150% w/o breaking. L: bv, lungs, skin

Answer 24

MARFAN syndrome dom. mutation in gene in cms 15 (code for fibrillin) body prod. Transforming GF beta (TGFb) - doesnt bind normally to fibrillin to keep tgfb inactive —> growth tall, ling limbed, chest deformed, medical vigilance for bp, weak <3 valves, arterial walls 1/20,000 live births

Answer 25

FIBROBLASTS - wide distribution in CT; migratory. secrete components of ECM (f + gs) ADIPOSE (fat cells) - under skin, around organs. store fat (triglycerides)

Answer 26

* macrophages - phagocytes; fixed (dust cells in lungs, kupffer in liver, langerhans skin) and wandering in CT (sites of infection/inflammation/injury) * plasma cells - from B-lymphocyte, prod. antibodies. gut, lungs, salivary glands, lymph nodes, spleen * mast - prod histamine —> dialate vessels. next to bv * leucocytes - WBC. migrate from blood

Answer 27

MESENCHYME - gives rise to other all other CT. CT cells (mesenchymal cells) in semi-fluid GS (containing reticular fibres) MUCOUS - widely scattered fibroblasts embedded in jelly-like GS, supports umbilical cord

Answer 28

LOSE = many cells, few fibres AREOLAR (most common) - 3 types of fibres - c, r, e, widely distributed around almost every structure. STRENGTH, ELASTICITY, SUPPORT ADIPOSE - adipocyte dominant, found w/ aerolar CT, white = energy storage, brown = heat prod. buttocks, flanks, abdomen, eye. INSULATION, ENERGY SOURCE, TEMP. COMTROL RETICULAR - thin interlacing network of reticular fibres & r cells. stroma or liver, spleen, lympg nodes; RL of BM; around bv and muscles. FORMS STROMA, BINDS smooth mucle to tissue cells, FILTERS & REMOVES worn out bc in speen & microbes in lymph nodes

Answer 29

DENSE = more fibres, fewer cells REGULAR - tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses. reg. arranged collagen w/ rows of fibroblasts in between. shiny white, collagen fibres not living. SLOW HEALING, ATTACHMENT BETWEEN STRUCTURES, WITHSTANDS TENSION IRREGULAR - collagen irregular arrangement w/ few fibroblasts. sheets beneath skin (fasciae), periosteum of bone, joint capsules, mem capsules around kidneys liver testes lymph nodes, heart valves. TENSILE STRENGTH IN MANY DIRECTIONS ELASTIC - elastic fibres w/ fibroblasts in between, yellowish. lung tissue, elastic arteries, tachea, bronchial tubes, vocal chords. STRETCHING, STRONG

Answer 30

dense network of collagen and elastic fibres embedded in chondroitin sulphate no nerves or blood supply in ECM strength = collagen; resilience = chondroitin sulphate chondrocytes (cells of mature cartilage) singly or in groups within lacunae (spaces) ECM perichondrium (dense irreg. tissue - bv, nerves ) covers cartilage surface resist tension, compression, shear —> support precursor to bone

Answer 31

HYALINE - relatively weak resiliet gel, fibres present but not obvious. most abundant; end of long bones, anterior ribs, nose, trachea, bronchi. FLEXIBILIY, SUPPORT, MOVEMENT FIBROCARTILAGE - chondorcytes w/ clearly visible bundles of collagen fibres, no perichondrium. intervertebral discs, menisci (pads) of knees. SUPPORT, JOINING STRUCTURES TOGETHER, strongest type ELASTIC - chondrocytes in threadlike network of elastic fibres, preichon. present. ear, lid on larynx (epiglottis), auditoru tubes. STRENGTH, ELASTICITY, MAINTAIN SHAPE

Answer 32

BONE = organs composed of several CT types incl. bone tissue COMPACT - outer layer, forms shaft of long bones, aka cortical bone. made up of rod shaped units - osteons/haversian syst. PROTECTION, SUPPORT, stores calcium and phosphorus SPONGY - NO osteons, stores triglycerides (yellow marrow), PROD RBC (red marrow)

Answer 33

OSTEOGENIC - mesenchymal stem cells develop —> lay collagen —> trapped —> turn into OSTEOBLASTS - bone forming cells. more collagen, mineralisation process OSTEOCYTES - MATURE bone cells from osteoblasts trapped within ECM. maintain bone tissue, exhcange of nutrients and waste, gap junctions OSTEOCLASTS - large multinucleated cells, formed from fusion of blood monocytes, break down bone, remodel new bone

Answer 34

1. lamellae - concentric rings of mineral salts (hardness, eg. Ca hydroxide, Ca phosphate —> hydroxyapatite) and collagen (tensile strength). 2. lacunae - small spaces between lamellae contain osteocytes 3. canaliculi - “minute canals” (EC fluid, process of osteocytes) provide routes for O2 nutrients waste to osteocytes 4. central haversian canal - bv, lymph, nerves

Answer 35

blood plasma = ECM formed elements = red cells white cells platelets formed elements - erythrocytes transport O2 and CO2 platelets (from megakaryocites in red marrow) for clotting leukocytes: neutrophils, monocytes (macrophages) = phagolcytic engulf bacteria basophils (mobile), mast cells (immature circulate; mature fixed in tissue) = release (eg histamine) that intensity inflammatiry reaction eosinophils = parasitic worms and allergic response lymphocytes = immune response

Answer 36

elongated cells (muscle fibre; myocyte), use energy from hydrolysis of ATP --> generate force. Contraction --> maintain posture, heat, movement

Answer 37

striated contraction = voluntary (except posture spine) cylindrical fibres smallest = stapedius (1.25mm) stabilises smallest bones in ear, prevents hyperacusis (bells palsy; sound perception wrong --> loud --> muscle not functioning) transforms noise to auditory sys. vibrations longest = sartorius (<60cm hip to knee). hip flexor, abductee, lateral rotator. multinucleate - peripheral nuclei to side

Answer 38

myofibrils in sarcoplasm of mf --> striations. myofilaments (actin & myosin) arranged into sarcomeres - functional unit of myofibril A band = all filaments, dark I band = only actin (thin) H zone = only myosin (thick) Z discs = centre of I band, made up of actinin protein - link filaments of adj. sarcomeres M line = middle of sarcomere - holds thick fil. together Titin = links Z to M --> tension in i

Answer 39

epimysium = surround whole muscle eg hamstring perimysium = around fascicles (group of muscle cells. move as units) endomysium = around muscle fibres (layer for cap./nerves) sarcolemma = plasma mem sarcoplasm = cytoplasm actin myosin etc

Answer 40

``` striated involuntary branched single central nucleus fibres join end-end through intercalated discs (contain gap junctions - communication; desmosomes - adhesion during contraction) ```

Answer 41

walls of hollow - intestines, bv walls (constrict) no striations involuntary single central nuclei short small spindle shaped, thickest in middle, bundles of actin & myosin. actin attached to dense bodies (actinin - similar to Z) intermediate fil. n-contractile, attached to dense bodies contraction = tension --> IF (n-c) --> cell twists, contracts about stable "rods" --> changes diameter of hollow organs (contract = thick, bulging)

Answer 42

CNS = brain, spinal cord (inc. optic nerve) PNS = all nervous tissue outside CNS - sensory/afferent division = intro TO cns - motor/efferent division = info FROM CNS to ORGANS (muscles, glands) perception, behaviour, memory voluntary + involuntary movements 1. sensory - detect internal/internal stimuli --> cns 2. integrative - analysis & storing of info 3. motor - stim. effectors through PNS

Answer 43

cell body, short branched dendrites convey nerve impulses - input axon = carries nerve impulse away from neuron --> other neuron/tissue don't divide high metabolic rate (rapid death w/o O2)

Answer 44

``` MULTIPOLAR 2< dendrites single axon most common in CNS motor neurons some of longest BIPOLAR 1 dendritic process (branch at tip but NOT cell body) cell body between axon & dendrite 1 axon special senses (sigh smell hearing) relay info from receptor to neuron rare, small UNIPOLAR continuous dendrite & axon cell body to side very long like CNS motor nerves most CNS sensory ANAXONIC undistinguishable axon and dentrite rare brain and special sense organs ```

Answer 45

``` cns & pns 50% of cns - "glue" smaller than neurons but more numerous no AP but communicate still divide in mature nervous sys. PHYSICAL STRUCTURE of nt, REPAIR, PHAGOCYTOSIS, NUTRIENT supply for neurons, reg. INTERSTITIAL fluid in nt ```

Answer 46

ASTROCYTES star shaped, most numerous, largest. syncytium network support (microfilaments), repair (scar) communication via gliotransmitters maintain enviro - reg. ions maintain blood brain barrier via endothelium - wrap around vessels & influence permeability OLIGODENDROCYTES myelin sheath (protein lipid layers) faster AP can myelinate 1< cells axon MICROGLIA phagocytic, active neuroglia look more plump; inactive small EPENDYMAL prod. cerebrospinal fluid; located where CSF is (mechanic buffer; move n&w) lines CSF filled ventricles in brain & central canal of spinal cord simple cuboidal w/cilia & microvilli (sample CSF composition)

Answer 47

``` SCHWANN CELLS pns version of oligodendrocyte --> myelin sheath around axon OR support for non myelinated axons; multiple axons same time for support (single axon for myelination) SATELLITE CELLS pns version of astrocytes surround neuron cell bodies. SUPPORT, FLUID EXCHANGE ```

cells and tissues Flashcards

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