Cells And Tissues

Question 1

Chemical elements and atoms

Answer 1

1. All forms of matter are made up of a limited number of building blocks called chemical elements
2. Substances cannot be broken down onto similar form

Question 2

What are enzymes ?

Answer 2

Molecules usually contain proteins that speed up chemical reactions and cellular controls

Question 3

Structure and function of DNA

Answer 3

1. Double helix and is the primary chemical in genes
2. RNA differs in structures and chemical composition from DNA
3. Function is to carry out the instructions encoded in DNA for protein synthesis

Question 4

ATP

Answer 4

1.energy transferring energy
2. When it transfers ATP is decomposed by hydrolysis to ADP and P
3. ATP is synthesised from ADP and pushes energy supply by the breakdown of glucose

Question 5

Regions of a cell

Answer 5

1. Nucleus
2. Cytoplasm
3. Plasma

Question 6

Diffusion

Answer 6

1. The selective permeability of the plasma membrane supports the existence of concentration gradients
2. Differences in the concentration of chemicals between one side of the membrane and the other
3. Movement of substances due to the kinetic energy
4. (In net Diffusion substances move from an area of high to low concentration until equilibrium is released)
5. (In simple diffusion lipid soluble substances move through the lipid bilayer)
6. (In facilitated diffusion substances cross the membrane with the assistance of ion chemicals and carriers)

Question 7

Osmosis

Answer 7

1. (Movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from a high to low water concentration)
2. In an isotonic solution red blood cells maintain normal shape
3. In an hypotonic solution they gain water and undergo hydrolysis
4. In a hypertonic solution they loose water and undergo crenation

Question 8

Active transport

Answer 8

Transport in which cell expends energy to move a substance across the membrane against its concentration gradient aided by membrane proteins that act as pumps

Question 9

Transport in vesicles

Answer 9

Movement of substances in or out of a cell wall in vesicles that start from the plasma membrane

Question 10

What is Endocytosis ?

Answer 10

Movement of substances into a cell in vesicles

Question 11

What is exocytosis ?

Answer 11

Movement of substances out of a cell in secretory vesicles

Question 12

Cytoplasm - consists and includes

Answer 12

1. Consists of cytosol and organelles
2. Includes all cellular contents between the plasma membrane and nucleus
3. Organelles are specialised cellular structures with characteristics shapes and functions

Question 13

Cytoskeleton - network and provide

Answer 13

1. Network of several kinds of protein filaments
2. Provide a structural framework for the cell and generate movement

Question 14

Components of the cytoskeleton

Answer 14

1. Microfilaments
2. Intermediate filaments
3. Microtubules

Question 15

Ribosomes - composed and consists

Answer 15

1. Composed of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins
2. Consists of two sub units and site of protein synthesis

Question 16

Endoplasmic reticulum - network and ribosomes

Answer 16

1. Network of membranes that extend from the nuclear envelope through the cytoplasm
2. Rough ER is studded with ribosomes
3. Proteins synthesised on the ribosomes enter the ER for processing and sorting
4. Where glycoproteins and phospholipids form

Question 17

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - ribosomes

Answer 17

1. Lacks ribosomes
2. Site where fatty acids and steroids are synthesised
3. Participates in releasing glucose from the liver to the bloodstream inactivating and detoxifying drugs, ect
4. Storing and releasing calcium ions that trigger contraction in cells

Question 18

Golgi apparatus - consists

Answer 18

1. Consists of flattened sacs called cisterns that receive proteins synthesised in the rough ER
2. Within the Golgi cisterns the proteins are modified, stored and packaged into vesicles for transport to different destinations
3. Small processed proteins leave the cell in the secretory vesicles and some are incorporated into the plasma membrane and some enter lysosomes

Question 19

Mitochondria - consists and produce

Answer 19

1. Consists of smooth outer membrane and inner membrane Containing folds called mitochondria and a fluid filled cavity called the matrix
2. Produce most of the cells ATP

Question 20

Lysosomes - function and what it is

Answer 20

1. Membrane enclosed vesicles that contain digestive enzymes
2. Function in digestion of work out organelles and own cells

Question 21

Peroxisomes

Answer 21

1. Similar to lysosomes but smaller
2. Oxidise various organic substances

Question 22

Proteosomes

Answer 22

Contain proteases that continually degrade unneeded, damaged or faulty proteins

Question 23

Nucleus

Answer 23

1. Consists of a double nuclear envelope and pores which control the movement of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm
2. The nucleoli produces ribosomes and genes arranged on chromosomes
3. Most body cells have a single nucleus
4. Genes control cellular structure and functions

Question 24

Translation

Answer 24

1. Process in which the mRNA associates with ribosomes and directs synthesis of a protein converting the nucleotide sequence in the mRNA into a specific sequence of amino acids across the protein
2. MRNA binds to a ribosome specific amino acid which attaches to a transfer RNA and anticodons of tRNA bind to codons of mRNA bringing specific amino acids into position on a growing protein
3. Begins at the start codon and terminates a the stop codon

Question 25

Cell division

Answer 25

1. Process by which cells reproduce themselves 2. Cell division that results in an increase in the number of body cells is called somatic cell division which involves a nucleoli division called mitosis plus division of the cytoplasm called cytokinesis 3. Cell division that results in the production of sperm and oocytes is called reproductive cell division

Question 26

Cell cycle

Answer 26

1. Orderly sequence of events in which a cell duplicates its contents and divides into 2 and consists of interphase and mitotic phase 2. Replication and distribution of 2 sets of chromosomes into sequence nuclei and consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase 3. During cytokinesis which usually begins late in anaphase and ends in telophase a cleavage furrow forms and progresses inwards cutting thorough the cel to form 2 separate identical cells each with equal portions of cytoplasm, organelles and chromosomes

Question 27

Interphase

Answer 27

1. The DNA molecule or chromosomes replicate themselves sp that identical chrosmomes can be passed onto new cells 2. A cell that is between divisions and is carrying on every life process is said to be in interphase

Question 28

Homeostasis

Answer 28

1. Ensures body internal environment remains constant 2. A dynamic state of equilibrium 3. Necessary for normal body function and life 4. Homeostatic imbalance leads to disease

Question 29

Sagital - Median - Frontal - Transverse -

Answer 29

1. Left and right portions 2. Equal left and right portions 3. Anterior and posterior parts 4. Superior and inferior parts

Question 30

Cranial cavity

Answer 30

1. Formed by cranial bones 2. Contains brain

Question 31

Vertebral canal

Answer 31

1. Formed by vertebral column 2. Contains spina cord at the beginning of spinal nerves

Question 32

Pleural cavity

Answer 32

1. Each surround a lung 2. The serous membrane of each pleural cavity is the pleura

Question 33

Pericardial cavity

Answer 33

1. Surrounds the heart 2. The serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is the pericardium

Question 34

Mediastinum

Answer 34

1. Central portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs 2. Extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm

Question 35

Mediastinum Contains

Answer 35

1. Heart 2. Thymus 3. Oesophagus 4. Trachea 5. Large blood vessels

Question 36

Abdominal cavity

Answer 36

The serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the pericardium

Question 37

Abdominal cavity contains

Answer 37

1. Stomach 2. Spleen 3. Liver 4. Gallbladder 5. Small intestine 6. Large intestine

Question 38

Pleural cavity contains

Answer 38

1. Urinary bladder 2. Large intestine 3. Internal organs of the reproductive system