cells and tissues Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
functions of the cell
A
basic unit of life
protection and support
movement
communication
cell metabolism and energy release
inheritance
2
Q
three main regions of the cell
A
nucleus
cytoplasm
plasma membrane
3
Q
cells processes
A
nutrition
digestion
absorption
biosynthesis
respiration
excretion
secretion
response
reproduction
4
Q
cells factors
A
matter
energy
organization
information
5
Q
controls the center of the cell
A
nucleus
6
Q
nucleus
A
controls the center of the cell
contains genetic materials (DNA)
7
Q
nuclear membrane
A
barrier of the nucleus, consist of a double phospholipid membrane
8
Q
barrier of the nucleus, consist of a double phospholipid membrane and contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell.
A
nuclear membrane
9
Q
nucleolus
A
site of ribosome production
10
Q
site of ribosome production, ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores
A
nucleolus
11
Q
chromatin
A
composed of DNA and protein and it condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides.
12
Q
composed of DNA and protein and it condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides.
A
chromatin
13
Q
plasma membrane
A
barrier for cell contents
14
Q
double phospholipid layer
A
hydrophilic heads
hydrophobic tails
15
Q
other materials in the plasma membrane
A
> protein
cholesterol
glycoproteins
16
Q
microvilli
A
finger like projections that increase surface area for absorption.
17
Q
finger like projections that increase surface area for absorption.
A
microvilli
18
Q
membrane junctions
A
> tight junctions
desmosomes
gap junctions
19
Q
material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane
A
cytoplasm
20
Q
cytoplasm
A
material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane
21
Q
cytosol
A
fluid that suspends other elements and is the site of many metabolic pathways.
22
Q
fluid that suspends other elements and is the site of many metabolic pathways.
A
cytosol
23
Q
organelles
A
metabolic machinery of the cell which are membrane bound and have its own unique structure and functions
24
Q
metabolic machinery of the cell which are membrane bound and have its own unique structure and functions
A
organelles
25
non functioning units
inclusions
26
ribosomes
where the proteins are produce.
27
endoplasmic reticulum
series of membranes forming sacs and tubules that extends from the outer nuclear.
28
series of membranes forming sacs and tubules that extends from the outer nuclear.
endoplasmic reticulum
29
cytoplasmic organelles
>peroxisomes
>mitochondria
30
peroxisomes
small membrane bound vesicles containing enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids and hydrogen peroxide
31
small membrane bound vesicles containing enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids and hydrogen peroxide
peroxisomes
32
mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell
provides ATP for cellular energy
carry out aerobic respiration.
33
powerhouse of the cell
provides ATP for cellular energy
carry out aerobic respiration.
mitochondria
34
Golgi apparatus
consist of closely packed stacks of curved, membrane-bound sacs
35
consist of closely packed stacks of curved, membrane-bound sacs
Golgi apparatus
36
lysosomes
membrane-bound vesicles formed from the golgi apparatus
contain a variety of enzymes that function as intracellular digestive system
37
membrane-bound vesicles formed from the golgi apparatus
lysosomes
38
contain a variety of enzymes that function as intracellular digestive system
lysosomes
39
cytoskeleton
consist of protein that supports the cell, hold organelles in place, and enable the cell to change shape.
40
consist of protein that supports the cell, hold organelles in place, and enable the cell to change shape.
cytoskeleton
41
consist of :
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules.
cytoskeleton
42
cytoskeleton are consist of?
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules.
43
centrioles
rod shape bodies of microtubules.
direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division
44
direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division
centrioles
45
rod shape bodies of microtubules.
centrioles
46
cellular projections
Not found in all cells
used for movements
like (cilia) moves materials across the cell surface
(flagellum) propels the cell
47
Not found in all cells
used for movements
cellular projections
48
moves materials across the cell surface
cilia
49
what is cilia
moves materials across the cell surface
50
what is flagellum
propels the cell
51
what is membrane transport
movement of substances into and out of the cell.
52
what is the two basic methods of membrane transport
passive transport
active transport
53
passive transport
no energy is required
54
active transport
the cell must provide metabolic energy
55
solution
homogenous mixture of two or more components
56
homogenous mixture of two or more components
solution
57
solvent
dissolving medium
58
dissolving medium
solvent
59
solutes
components in smaller quantities within a solution
60
components in smaller quantities within a solution
solutes
61
intracellular fluid
nucleoplasm and cytosol
62
nucleoplasm and cytosol
intracellular fluid
63
interstitial fluid
fluid on the exterior of the cell
64
fluid on the exterior of the cell
interstitial fluid
65
selective permeability
the plasma membrane allows some materials to pass while excluding others.
the permeability includes movement into and out of the cell
66
the plasma membrane allows some materials to pass while excluding others.
selective permeability
67
the permeability includes movement into and out of the cell
selective permeability
68
movement of substance across a membrane without the direct expenditure of energy
passive transport
69
diffusion
particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution
movement is from high concentration to low concentration or a down concentration gradient.
70
particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution
diffusion
71
movement is from high concentration to low concentration or a down concentration gradient.
diffusion
72
types of diffusion
simple diffusion
osmosis
facilitated diffusion
73
simple diffusion
unassisted process, solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores
74
unassisted process, solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores
simple diffusion
75
osmosis
simple diffusion of water, highly polar water easily crosses the plasma membrane
76
simple diffusion of water, highly polar water easily crosses the plasma membrane
osmosis
77
facilitated diffusion
substances require a protein carrier for passive transport
78
substances require a protein carrier for passive transport
facilitated diffusion
79
what happens before diffusion
particles are crowded outside the cell and some move into the cell
80
particles have reached equilibrium
what happens after diffusion
81
isotonic
normal red blood cell, concentration of water is same as outside
82
normal red blood cell, concentration of water is same as outside
isotonic
83
hypertonic
low water concentration,
water moves out of the cell during osmosis
84
low water concentration,
water moves out of the cell during osmosis
hypertonic
85
hypotonic
during osmosis water moves into the cell
86
during osmosis water moves into the cell
hypotonic
87
filtration
movement of fluid through a partition containing small holes.
88
solute pumping
amino acids, some sugar and ions are transported by solute pumps.
89
exocytosis
moves the material out of the cell carried in a membranous vesicle.
90
endocytosis
extracellular substances are engulfed by being enclosed in a membranous vesicles
91
phagocytosis
cell eating endocytosis
92
pinocytosis
cell drinking endocytosis
93
cell division
the formation of two daughter cells from a single parent cell
94
interphase
the period between active cell divisions during which the DNA is replicated
95
Mitosis is conventionally divided into 5 phases:
prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase, and cytokinesis
96
protein synthesis
production of proteins
97
gene
DNA segment that carries a blue print for building one protein and specifies the structure of an RNA molecule
98
functions of protein
building materials for cells
act as enzymes.
99
mRNA (messenger RNA)
carries the instructions for building a protein from the nucleus to ribosome
100
transfer RNA (tRNA)
transfer appropriate amino acids to the ribosomes for building the protein.
101
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built
102
transcription
transfer of information from DNA's base sequence to the complementary base sequence or mRNA by an enzyme
it occurs at the nucleus
103
translation
base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to an amino acid sequence
occurs at the cytoplasm
104
amino acids
the building blocks of proteins.
105
epithelial tissue
covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside the body.
106
types of epithelial tissues
> simple epithelium (1 layer)
> stratified epithelium (more than 1 layer)
glandular epithelium
107
shapes of cells
squamous
cuboidal
columnar
108
pseudostratified
single layer, but some cells are shorter than the others.
109
extracellular matrix
non-living material that surrounds living cells.
110
bone ( osseous tissue)
composed of bone cells
111
hyaline cartilage
abundant collagen fibers and rubbery matrix.
112
elastic cartilage
provides elasticity
location: external ears
113
fibrocartilage
highly compressible
114
fibrosis
repair cells by dense fibrous connective tissue
115
nervous tissue
neurons and nerve support cells found in the brain.
116
areolar connective tissue
most widely distributed connective tissue.
117
blood
blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix
118
adipose tissue
matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate.
119
reticular connective tissue
delicate network of interwoven fibers
120
3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
121
skeletal muscle
can be controlled voluntarily
122
cardiac muscle
found only in the heart
123
smooth muscle
involuntary muscles
124
regeneration
replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells
125
events of tissue repair
> capillaries become very permeable
>formation of granulation tissue (new tissue)
> regeneration of surface epithelium
126
