Cells and tissues

Question 1

Q: What is the outer layer of the cell that regulates what enters and leaves?

Answer 1

cell membrane

Question 2

What is the outer layer of the cell that regulates what enters and leaves?

Answer 2

Cell membrane

Question 3

What organelle contains DNA and controls cell activities?

Answer 3

Nucleus

Question 4

What is the jelly-like substance inside a cell that contains organelles?

Answer 4

Cytoplasm

Question 5

What are specialized structures inside a cell that perform specific functions?

Answer 5

Organelles

Question 6

What organelle is the ‘powerhouse’ of the cell, breaking down sugar to release energy?

Answer 6

Mitochondria

Question 7

What organelle makes proteins and is found in the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 7

Ribosomes

Question 8

What structure produces ribosomal RNA, which makes ribosomes?

Answer 8

Nucleolus

Question 9

What organelle acts as a transport system for molecules like proteins and DNA?

Answer 9

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Question 10

What organelle sorts, modifies, and packages proteins for transport?

Answer 10

Golgi body

Question 11

What vesicles transport proteins from the Golgi body?

Answer 11

Golgi vesicles

Question 12

What organelle contains digestive enzymes to break down food, waste, and toxins?

Answer 12

Lysosomes

Question 13

How many pairs of chromosomes are in the human nucleus?

Answer 13

23 pairs

Question 14

What are sections of DNA that contain instructions for traits?

Answer 14

Genes

Question 15

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Answer 15

Genotype is the genetic code (BB, Bb, bb), while phenotype is how it appears (e.g., blue eyes).

Question 16

What does heterozygous mean?

Answer 16

Having two different alleles (Bb).

Question 17

What does homozygous mean?

Answer 17

Having two identical alleles (BB or bb).

Question 18

How many genes does mitochondrial DNA have?

Answer 18

37 genes

Question 19

What is the main function of mitochondria?

Answer 19

Break down sugar to make ATP (energy).

Question 20

What is chemiosmosis?

Answer 20

A process where protons (H+ ions) are pumped across a membrane to generate ATP.

Question 21

What is the lipid bilayer?

Answer 21

A double layer of fats that separates the inside of the cell from the outside.

Question 22

What do glycoproteins do in the cell membrane?

Answer 22

Help cells communicate and recognize signals.

Question 23

What are three ways substances move across the cell membrane?

Answer 23

Pores, electrical-gated channels, and carrier proteins.

Question 24

What is the difference between passive and active transport?

Answer 24

Passive transport does not use energy, while active transport requires energy.

Question 25

What is diffusion?

Answer 25

The movement of molecules from high to low concentration (e.g., oxygen moving into cells).

Question 26

What is osmosis?

Answer 26

The movement of water from high to low concentration across a membrane.

Question 27

What is primary active transport?

Answer 27

Direct use of energy to move substances (e.g., sodium-potassium pump).

Question 28

What is secondary active transport?

Answer 28

Using energy from primary transport to move another substance (e.g., glucose hitching a ride with sodium).

Question 29

What type of receptor is used for fast nerve and muscle signals?

Answer 29

Ion-channel-linked receptors

Question 30

What type of receptor is used for hormones and long-term responses?

Answer 30

Enzyme-linked receptors

Question 31

What type of cell division occurs in body (somatic) cells?

Answer 31

Mitosis

Question 32

What type of cell division occurs in sex cells?

Answer 32

Meiosis

Question 33

What happens in interphase?

Answer 33

The cell grows and prepares for division.

Question 34

What happens in the S phase?

Answer 34

DNA is duplicated.

Question 35

What happens in G2 phase?

Answer 35

The cell double-checks for errors before division.

Question 36

What is G0 phase?

Answer 36

A resting phase where the cell no longer divides (e.g., neurons).

Question 37

What is catabolism?

Answer 37

Breaking down stored nutrients (fat, protein, carbs) to release energy.

Question 38

What is anabolism?

Answer 38

Building complex molecules (muscle, bones) from simple ones.

Question 39

What is a tissue?

Answer 39

A group of similar cells that work together to perform a function.

Question 40

What are the four types of tissues?

Answer 40

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.

Question 41

What type of tissue covers and protects surfaces?

Answer 41

Epithelial tissue

Question 42

What type of tissue supports and connects body parts?

Answer 42

Connective tissue

Question 43

What type of tissue helps with movement?

Answer 43

Muscle tissue

Question 44

What type of tissue sends signals in the body?

Answer 44

Nervous tissue

Question 45

What are the three types of epithelial cell layers?

Answer 45

Simple (one layer), stratified (many layers), pseudostratified (looks layered but is one uneven layer).

Question 46

What are the three epithelial cell shapes?

Answer 46

Squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube-shaped), columnar (tall and rectangular).

Question 47

What is the extracellular matrix?

Answer 47

A network of proteins and sugars outside cells that supports and connects them.

Question 48

What are the main components of the ECM?

Answer 48

Proteins (collagen) for strength and polysaccharides (sugars) for cushioning.

Question 49

What are three functions of the ECM?

Answer 49

Supports cells, organizes tissues, and helps cells communicate.

Question 50

What does MRS GREN stand for?

Answer 50

Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition.

Question 51

What is respiration?

Answer 51

Cells use oxygen to break down food and release energy.

Question 52

What is excretion?

Answer 52

Cells remove waste (e.g., CO₂ from respiration).

Question 53

What is sensitivity?

Answer 53

Cells respond to their environment (e.g., nerve cells detect pain).