Cells and Tissues Flashcards
L2 (109 cards)
1
Q
Plants are ___karyotic
A
eukaryotic
2
Q
Fungi are ___karyotic
A
eukaryotic
3
Q
Plant cell walls are made of
A
cellulose
4
Q
Fungi Cell Walls are made of
A
Chitin
5
Q
Plants are ___trophi
A
photoautotrophic
6
Q
fungi are ___trophic
A
heterotrophic
7
Q
Do plants have chloroplasts?
A
yes
8
Q
do fungi have chloroplasts?
A
No
9
Q
Who does plants share a recent common ancestor with?
A
green algae
10
Q
who does fungi share a recent common ancestor with?
A
Animals
11
Q
are plants unicellular or multicellular?
A
multicellular
12
Q
are fungi unicellular or multicellular?
A
both
13
Q
What types of metabolites are unique to plants?
A
secondary
14
Q
Describe primary metabolites
A
essential for plant life
15
Q
types of primary metabolites
A
sugars, amino acids, etc
16
Q
describe secondary metabolites
A
they are restricted to certain parts of the plant and/or certain species. they are important for the success of the plants that produce them
17
Q
what do secondary metabolites do
A
chemical signals that allow for environmental response, plant defense against herbivores or competing plants
18
Q
three major types of secondary metabolites
A
alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolics
19
Q
what are alkaloids
A
important nitrogen containing molecules with significant medical properties
20
Q
types of alkaloids
A
morphine, caffeine, cocaine, nicotine
21
Q
what are terpenoids?
A
they are composes of 5C isoprene unites, and make the largest class of secondary metabolites
22
Q
what are phenolics
A
a wide range of compound with hydroxyl groups
23
Q
types of phenolics
A
anthocyanin, flavonoids, tannins, lignins, salicylic acid
24
Q
types of tannins
A
chocolate, tea, berries, wine
25
what is lignin
polymer that contributes strength to plant cell walls
26
salicylic acid
the active ingredient aspirin
27
parts of a plant cell that is unique to it
chloroplast, vacuole, cell wall, middle lamella, primary pit with plasmodesmata
28
what are protoplasts
surround by cell wall
29
what layers make up the cell wall
primary and secondary
30
what are plastids
plant-specific organelles that help with photosynthesis and/or storage.
31
mature plastids are characterized as ___, ___, ___ based on the pigment they contain
chloroplasts, chromoplasts, or leukoplasts
32
chloroplasts contains the pigment ___ and are ___
chlorophyll, green
33
plastids contain two ___ and ___ which are remnants of their heritage as ___ ___ prior to ___
outer membranes, circular DNA, photosynthetic bacteria, endosymbiosis
34
plastids may contain ___ ___ or ___ ___, which are for ___ of ___ products
starch grain, oil bodies, storage, photosynthetic products
35
where are chloroplasts found
surface of the leaf
36
what is the function of chloroplasts?
to do photosynthesis
37
what are chromoplasts?
contain pigment carotenoids, contribute to yellow, orange, and red in flowers and fruits
38
what are leukoplasts
non-pigmented and lack internal membranes
39
type of leukoplast and its function
amyloplasts synthesize starch
40
where do plastids originate from
proplastids in dividing cells
41
plants grown in dark arrest chloroplast development form what?
etioplasts
42
vacuoles are organelles surrounded by a membrane called the ___
tonoplast
43
vacuoles function to store:
water, pigments, toxins, and other substances
44
how much of the cell volume does a vacuole take up
90%
45
the cell wall controls the shape of the cell based on the orientation of ___
cellulose microfibrils
46
the cell wall prevents the rupture of the cell are ___ uptake
water
47
cell types are often identified based on their
cell wall structure
48
the cell wall is the equivalent of the
extracellular matrix
49
cell wall materials are synthesized in the
Golgi
50
cell wall materials are secreted from the cell during
growth
51
primary cell wall is present in __ plant cells
all
52
which cell wall is deposited first
primary cell wall
53
major components of primary cell wall
cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin
54
middle lamella center together adjacent cells with
pectin
55
when is the secondary cell wall deposited
after the cell is done growing
56
why are secondary cell walls important
they are specialized cells that function in strengthening
57
how many layers are in the secondary cell wall and what are they
3; S1 (most inner), S2, S3 (most outer)
58
what do secondary cell walls contain
lignin
59
what does plasmodesmata do
connects the protoplasts of the adjacent cell
60
where does cell division occur
in the apical meristems
61
where does meiosis occur
male and female tissues of flowers (or other reproductive parts)
62
process of plant mitosis
early prophase, mid prophase, late prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
63
plant mitosis early prophase
four chromosomes are long scattered threads throughout the nucleus
64
plant mitosis mid prophase
chromosomes shorten, thicken, and each consist of two threads attached to centromeres
65
plant mitosis late prophase
kinetochores develop on both sides of each chromosome at the centromere. nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear (this is when the X-looking-like chromosome appears)
66
plant mitosis metaphase
appearance of the spindle, chromosomes migrate to the middle and lay there.
67
plant mitosis anaphase
the centromeres of the sister chromatids separate. now daughter chromosomes move to the opposite poles
68
plant mitosis telophase
separation of daughter chromosomes and poles by cell plate. nuclear envelope form around each set.
69
apical meristem primary meristems
protoderm, ground meristem, procambium
70
protoderm primary tissues
epidermis (dermal tissue)
71
ground meristem primary tissues
ground tissues (ground tissue systems)
72
types of ground tissues
parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
73
procambium primary tissues
primary xylem and phloem (vascular tissue system)
74
what are meristems
clusters of undifferentiated plant cells. they are totipotent (have the ability to become differentiated cells)
75
meristem cells are found in the root and shoot apex which is
primary growth
76
meristem cells are found int he vascular and cork cambium which is
secondary growth
77
apical meristems give rise to primary growth which is growth in
length
78
Indeterminate growth vs. determinate growth
Growth continues throughout the plant’s life (roots and shoots) vs Growth stops after reaching a certain size or developmental stage (leaves, flowers)
79
differentiation is the process by which cells of the same organism become
different from one another
80
what is the most common type of ground tissue
parenchyma
81
vascular tissue includes
xylem, phloem, associated parenchyma, sclerenchyma
82
describe collenchyma cells
alive at maturity, unevenly thickened primary cell walls, support for growing stems and leaves of non woody plants
83
describe parenchyma cells
most common, alive at maturity, function in storage and photosynthesis, thin primary cell walls, totipotent
84
describe sclerenchyma cells
may form masses or occur in small group or individually, have thick lignified secondary cell walls, dead at maturity, develop in plants parts no longer elongating
85
two types of sclerenchyma
fibers and sclereids
86
vascular tissue is the ___ ___ of the plant body
circulatory
87
xylem is used to transport ___ and ___ but is also essential for ___
water, minerals, support
88
primary xylem is from the
procambium
89
secondary xylem is from the
vascular cambium
90
xylem is composed of tracheary elements, which are
tracheids, vessel elements
91
xylem is ___ at maturity
dead
92
xylem secondary cell walls
thick, lignified
93
describe tracheids
longer, narrower, and have connections called pits in their cell walls
94
vessel elements are
shorter, wider, and have perforation plates at the ends where vessel elements going together to form vessels
95
secondary cell walls of tracheary elements have
ring-like or helical thickenings
96
tracheary element differentiation
a type of programmed cell death
97
phloem is the principal ___ conduction tissue, but also transports
food, amino acids, hormones, proteins, and RNAs
98
primary phloem is from the
procambium
99
secondary phloem is from the
vascular cambium
100
phloem two cell types
sieve elements, principal conducting cells
companion cells, life support for the sieve elements
101
phloem is ___ at maturity
alive
102
phloem cell walls
primary cell walls only
103
sieve tube differentiation
companion cells and sieve elements derive from the same cell
104
dermal tissue is composed of ___ that line the outside of the plant organs
epidermal cells
105
most dermal cells are ___ that are ___
living, unspecialized
106
dermal cells are often covered by a layer of wax called the ____
cuticle
107
dermal tissue specialized cell types
stomata, trichomes
108
describe stomata
pores in aerial tissues composed of 2 guard cells to allow gases in
109
describe trichomes
modified epidermal cells that extend from the epidermis, like to ward of predators
