Cells and Tissues

Question 1

Cholesterol’s major function in cell membrane:

Answer 1

Fluidity

Question 2

Hepatocytes have how many nuclei?

Answer 2

up to 2

Question 3

_______ and ______ are multinucleated

Answer 3

Osteoclasts and muscle fibers

Question 4

Euchromatin vs heterochromatin

Answer 4

E: Loose and transcribed (stains light)
H: Dense and not transcribed (stains dark)

Question 5

Standard tissue preparation consists of which staining?

Answer 5

Hematoxylin and Eosin

Question 6

Hematoxylin

Answer 6

It is basic (+) and is attracted to the negatively charged backbone of DNA/RNA, dyes the nucleus blue

Question 7

Eosin

Answer 7

it is negatively charged and acidic (-) and will dye the cytoplasm pink

Question 8

The space between inner and outter membranes of the nuclear envelope

Answer 8

Cisterna

Question 9

Shelf like folds in mitochondria

What is their function?

Answer 9

Cristae

Increase surface area for ATP production

Question 10

Microtubules - vs +

Answer 10

• end is closer to the nucleus

+ end grows out towards the cell membrane

Question 11

Kinesin

Answer 11

Walks from negative to positive end

Question 12

Dynein

Answer 12

Walks from positive to negative end

Question 13

Major stuctures made from microtubules

Answer 13

Flagella and cilia

Question 14

Microtubules are made up of:

Answer 14

Alpha-tubulin

Beta-tubulin

Question 15

2 types of actin

Answer 15

G-actin - globular

F-actin - FIlamentous

Question 16

Light microscopy vs electron microscopy magnification

Answer 16

LM: 2,000 X
EM: 1,000,000 X

Question 17

Transmission vs scanning EM

Answer 17

Transmission: Image viewed on a flouresecent screen, internal structures are viewed
Scanning: Image viewed on monitor, surface is viewed, 3 D specimen

Question 18

Fixation

Answer 18

Preserve tissue woth formalin

Question 19

Embedding

Answer 19

Uses paraffin

Question 20

Order of tissue preparation

Answer 20

Fixation
Embedding
Sectioning
Staining

Question 21

Histological sections:

Answer 21

Cross
Longitudinal
Tangential - off to the side or at an angle

Question 22

Cell memranes are not visualized by ______ microscopy but is visualized as ______ in ______ microscopy

Answer 22

Light
a trilaminar structure
Electron

Question 23

Two molecule types that are not stained by dye

Answer 23

Lipids and glycogen

They appear white or are lost in the process

Question 24

Which organelle initiates cell apoptosis

Answer 24

Mitochondria

Question 25

Ribosomes and sub units

Answer 25

Consist of small subunits and large subunits Small subunit contains 1 mRNA Large contains 2 mRNA

Question 26

Ribosomes can be found attacher to:

Answer 26

RER and outer nuclear membrane

Question 27

Ribosomes sit on the _____ surface of RER

Answer 27

Cytoplasmic

Question 28

Unfolded protein response

Answer 28

Leads to cell death if there is an accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins

Question 29

the nuclear side of Golgi apparatus and is in close proximity to ER

Answer 29

cis-Golgi network

Question 30

The portion of Golgi whic is closer to the cell membrane

Answer 30

trans-Golgi network

Question 31

Function of the Golgi apparatus

Answer 31

Post translational modification - activate proteins Elaborates membrane lipids Produces lysosomes

Question 32

primary, secondary and tertiary lysosomes

Answer 32

1: Newly formed, no digested material 2: larger, heterogeneous, contain ingested material 3: Oldest and present in old cells (nerve and cardiac cells)

Question 33

Autolysis

Answer 33

When lysosomes spill enzymatic contents which lead to cell death

Question 34

Peroxisomes

Answer 34

Mainly perform oxidative reactions

Question 35

Peroxisomes are most prominent in which cell types?

Answer 35

Hepatocytes, proximal tubule cells of kidney

Question 36

In actin filaments, the fast growing end is referred to as the ___ end and the slow growing is referred to as a the ___ end

Answer 36

+ | -

Question 37

____ are composed of Actin

Answer 37

Microvilli

Question 38

Anterograde transport

Answer 38

From Golgi to membrane

Question 39

Retrograde transport

Answer 39

From membrane to Golgi

Question 40

Smooth ER functions

Answer 40

Lipid synthesis | Detoxification of compunds

Question 41

_________ association is important in maintaining biconcave shape of red blood cell.

Answer 41

Spectrin-actin

Question 42

Ribosomal which are docked in the RER are crucial for:

Answer 42

Synthesis and export of proteins

Question 43

Free ribosomes function

Answer 43

Protien synthesis for local needs

Question 44

Cytoplasmic basophilia

Answer 44

Ribosomes stain blue because the RNA (-) attracts basic hematoxylin (+) In cells that actively produce protein, the cytoplasm appears blue because there is an abundance of ribosomes