Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIOSCI 107 Part One > Cells and Tissues - Muscle and Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues - Muscle and Nervous Tissue Flashcards

(73 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Muscle tissue description

A

tissue that is made of contractile cells (muscle fibres)

These contract to make body parts move and generates heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is muscle tissue comprised of?

A

It is made up of elongated cells (muscle cells or muscle fibres or myocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of muscle tissue?

A

To use energy from the hydrolysis of ATP to generate contractile forces, producing body movements, maintains posture and generates heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle (these comprise more than 50% of body tissue mass)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where are skeletal muscle attached?

A

To bones via tendons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is skeletal muscle comprised of?

A

Long, cylindrical fibres in the tissue that make it look striated. It is also multinucleated (many peripheral nuclei pushed to the side)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The function of skeletal muscle?

A

Motion, posture, heat production and protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Is skeletal muscle voluntary?

A

It is considered voluntary because contraction and relaxation are under conscious control. However, some things like posture are not voluntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the stapedius and where is it located?

A

The smallest skeletal muscle in the body (1.25mm) and is located in the ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is hyperacusis?

A

Excessively sensitive hearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Bell’s Palsey?

A

A condition where paralysis of the facial nerve causes muscular weakness in one side of the face and hyperacusis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the sartorius and where is it located?

A

The longest skeletal muscle (60cm) which is located in the anterior region of the thigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of the sartorius?

A

Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh/hip; flexes knee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Protein structures (diameter is 2 micrometres) that run the entire length of the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm), made up of filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is sarcoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm in skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is sarcolemma?

A

is the plasma membrane of a striated muscle fibre cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are myofibrils made of?

A

Thin and thick filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What type of filament is Actin?

A

The thin filament in myofibrils (8 nm diam; 1-2 μm long)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What type of filament is myosin?

A

The thick filament in myofibrils (16 nm diam; 1-2 μm long)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

A structural unit of a myofibril in striated muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is epimysium?

A

dense irregular connective tissue surrounding a muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is perimysium?

A

the sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of muscle fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is endomysium?

A

a layer of areolar connective tissue that ensheaths each individual muscle fibre.
Capillaries and nerves are on this layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the A band?

A

The dark middle area of the sarcomere, containing all thick filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the I band?
Area of sarcomere containing thin filaments only
26
What is the H zone?
Area of sarcomere containing thick filaments only
27
What is the M line?
Middle of the sarcomere, holds thick filaments together and binds to titin
28
What is the Z disc?
Passes through centre of I band and made up of actinins that link the filaments of adjacent sarcomeres
29
What is titin?
The 'molecular spring' that links the M line to the Z disc | Also resists tension within the I band
30
What does cardiac muscle consist of?
Fibres that join end-to-end through intercalated discs. Striated and branched with a single central nucleus.
31
What are intercalated discs and what do they contain?
Attachment sites between the transverse lines between cardiac muscle cells, contains desmosomes and gap junctions
32
The function of desmosome in the intercalated disc
To bind intermediate filaments and provide adhesion vigorous contractions
33
The function of gap junctions in the intercalated disc
For cell-communication, cell co-ordination and rapid conduction throughout the heart
34
Where is cardiac muscle tissue found?
The heart wall
35
What is the function of cardiac muscle tissue?
To pump blood all around the body
36
Is cardiac muscle tissue voluntary?
No, its involuntary
37
Where is smooth muscle tissue located? | 8 examples
Located in the walls of hollow internal structures: Eg: Intestines (peristalsis), blood vessel walls (constriction), iris of the eye, reproductive, respiratory, digestive, urinary systems, erector pili
38
Is smooth muscle tissue voluntary?
No, its involuntary
39
What is smooth muscle comprised of?
``` It contains bundles of thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments. Is short, small and spindle shaped It is the thickest in the middle Non-striated (smooth) Has a single central nucleus ```
40
What are dense bodies?
``` Similar to Z discs which contain the protein actinin Thin filaments (actin) and intermediate filaments attach themselves to dense bodies ```
41
How do smooth muscle cells twist during contraction?
The intermediate filaments are non-contractile | When cells contract the filaments force the cells to contract around 'stable rods', causing it to twist
42
What is the function of smooth muscle tissue?
Motion - constriction of blood vessels and airways, propulsion of foods through G.I tract, contraction of urinary bladder and gall bladder
43
Nervous tissue description
Tissue that contains nerve cells and supportive neuroglia | Carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses
44
The two components of the nervous system
Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
45
What is in the CNS?
Brain, spinal cord and optic nerve
46
What is in the PNS?
All other nervous tissue outside of the CNS
47
What is the role of the PNS?
Afferent division: Send information to the CNS Efferent division: Send information from the CNS to the organs (muscles and glands)
48
Nervous system function
Maintain homeostasis (along with the endocrine system) Initiate voluntary movements Responsible for perception, behaviour and memory
49
What is the nervous tissue sensory function?
Detection of internal and external stimuli and transfer to CNS
50
What is the nervous tissue integrative function?
Analysis and storing of information
51
What is the nervous tissue motor function?
Stimulation of effectors (eg muscle and glands through PNS)
52
What does nervous tissue consist of?
Neurons and neuroglia that have both conscious and unconscious control
53
What are neurons comprised of?
Cell body into which short, branched dendrites convert nerve impulses (action potentials) and from which a longer, single axon conducts nerve impulses to another neuron or tissue. NEURONS DO NOT DIVIDE (ie mitotic rate) and have a high metabolic rate
54
What is a dendrite?
Receiving/input part of the neuron
55
What is an axon?
Carries the nerve impulse away from the neuron. Is the output portion of the neuron
56
Features of multipolar neurons
Have 2 or more dendrites and a single axon Most common neurons in CNS All motor neurons (control skeletal muscle) are in this class Some of the longest (ie from spinal cord to toe muscles)
57
Features of bipolar neurons
Two distinct processes: 1: Dendritic process (can branch at the tip. but not at cell body) - 1 axon Has the cell body between the axon and dendrite Rare and small Special sense organs (sight, smell, hearing) Relay information from receptors to neurons
58
Features of Unipolar neurons
``` The dendrites and axons are continuous Cell body off to one side Whole thing where dendrites converge called an axon Most sensory nerves are unipolar Very long (1m) ie from CNS to toe tip ```
59
Features of an anaxonic neuron
RARE Anatomy cannot distinguish dendrites from axons Found in brain and special sense organs
60
What are the functions of the neuroglia
Are the physical structure of nervous tissue Repair framework of nervous tissue Undertake phagocytosis Nutrient supply to neurons Regulate interstitial fluid in the neural tissue
61
Where are neuroglia found?
Both CNS and PNS
62
How big are neuroglia?
Smaller than neurons but more numerous
63
Features of neuroglia
Can communicate but do not propagate action potentials | Can divide in the mature nervous system
64
What is the Myelin sheath?
Covers the axon of some neurons Helps speed neural impulses Lipids - fat is insulating
65
What are Astrocytes?
Star-shaped and form a syncitunm CNS neuroglia that are responsible for the support and repair pf neurons Maintain the environment around neurons through maintaining the blood-brain barrier Regulate ions Influence permeability of vessels
66
What are Gliotransmitters?
Method of communication between astrocytes and neurons
67
What are Ependymal cells?
CNS neuroglia that produces Cerebrospinal fluid Lines ventricles in the brain Contain cilia for movement Contain microvilli for sampling and monitoring
68
The function of Cerebrospinal fluid?
Mechanical buffer that moves nutrients and waste
69
What are Oligodendrocytes?
Type of glial cell in the CNS that wrap axons in a myelin sheath Form the myelin sheath for MULTIPLE axons
70
What are Microglia?
Phagocytic glia that provides protection
71
What are the two cells in the PNS?
Schwann cells and satellite cells
72
What are Schwann cells?
PNS glia that can from the myelin sheath for ONE axon | Or provide support for multiple non-myelinated axons
73
What are satellite cells?
PNS cells that surround the neurons to provide support and help with fluid exchange.

BIOSCI 107 Part One (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions