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Honors Bio > Cells and Transport > Flashcards

Cells and Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of Cell Membrane

A
  1. Selectively Permeable or Semipermeable:
    Regulates what enters/leaves the cell.
  2. Separates inside cytoplasm from extracellular
    (outside) environment.
  3. Receives chemical messengers (hormones,
    neurotransmitters, medicines) & passes the info to
    the cell so it can respond.
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2
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

Determines what
molecules can enter &
leave the cell based on
their charge & size.

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3
Q

Cholesterol

A

Located b/w the fatty
acids to stabilize &
strengthen the flexible cell
membrane.

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4
Q

Anchor Proteins

A

keep cells attached forming tissues.

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5
Q

Identifier (Cell Recognition) Proteins

A

helps immune system distinguish “self” vs. foreign.
▪ Have unique carbohydrate
chains attached!

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6
Q

Enzymatic
Proteins

A

Catalyze
METABOLIC
reactions.

  • Active site exposed to
    substances in cytoplasm.
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7
Q

Receptor Proteins

A

receive chemical messengers & pass the info to the cell so it can RESPOND!

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8
Q

Target Cells

A

have specifically shaped receptor proteins for only certain chemical messengers.

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9
Q

Hormones & Neurotransmitters

A

types of chemical messengers that bind to specific receptors in order to transmit a message.

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10
Q

Channel Proteins

A

Provides a hydrophilic channel so charged substances can cross the
membrane.

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11
Q

Carrier Proteins

A

change shape while shuttling SPECIFICALLY SHAPED substances across the membrane.

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12
Q

Concentration

A

the amount of solute per unit volume of solution.
Ex. Distilled Water:
H2O = 100%
Solute = 0%

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13
Q

Living Cells

A

H2O = ~98%
Solutes = 2%
(glucose, salt, O2, CO2, amino acids, etc.)

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14
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

Difference in solute [ ] b/w 2 areas.

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15
Q

Equilibrium

A

Solute & H2O molecules are equally distributed, & continue moving evenly in all directions.

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16
Q

Passive Transport

A

Movement of of molecules across the cell membrane without the use of energy

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17
Q

Active Transport

A

molecules pumped from Low to High [ ], w/ the use of ATP energy! (usable energy that fuels life functions)
- Movement of molecules across the cell membrane with the use of ATP

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18
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from high 🡪 low [ ] w/out use of ATP energy (usable energy).

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19
Q

Simple diffusion through phospholipids

A

nonpolar molecules (small lipids, steroids, gases) can pass b/w the phospholipids because they can interact with the nonpolar fatty acid tails!

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20
Q

Facilitated Diffusion through transport proteins

A

charged substances (glucose, H2O, ions, polar molecules) CANNOT interact w/ nonpolar fatty acid tails, SO they must diffusion through a transport protein.

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21
Q

WHAT ABOUT LARGE POLYMERS, LIKE PROTEINS OR POLYSACCHARIDES?

A

TOO LARGE to diffuse across the membrane… SO they must be hydrolyzed into monomers & then can diffuse across the membrane.

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22
Q

Osmosis

A

Passive Transport of water

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23
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

solution that has a HIGHER [ ]
of solute.

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24
Q

Isotonic solution

Study These Flashcards
A

the solutions outside of cell
and inside the cytoplasm
have an equal solute [ ].

25
Hypotonic solution
solution that has a lower [ ] of solute.
26
Plasmolysis
cell membrane pulls away from cell wall as water leaves by osmosis.
27
Turgor Pressure
the entering water fills the central vacuole, & cell membrane presses against cell wall. Maintains upright position of theplant!
28
All Living Cells
1. Maintain homeostasis (dynamic equilibrium): stable internal environment. 2. Carry out metabolism: all the chemical reactions (dehydration synthesis & hydrolysis) in the body that build & break down molecules. 3. Carry out Life Functions!
29
Life Functions: 3 R's
Regulation – control/coordination of all life functions. Reproduction – production of new individuals of a species. Respiration – breaking down glucose (organic) to transfer its energy to ATP molecules (containing usable energy that fuels life functions).
30
Life futions GENTS
Growth – increase in cell size and cell #. Excretion – elimination of cellular waste (nitrogenous wastes, carbon dioxide, water, salt, etc.) Nutrition – 1) Ingestion – taking in food (heterotrophs only) 🡪 autotrophs make their own food! 2) Digestion – breaking down food. 3) Egestion – eliminate solid waste. Transport – includes the absorption, circulation, and distribution of materials to cells (bloodstream) or within cells (cytoplasm). Synthesis – chemical reactions that combine small compounds to make larger compounds.
31
Eukaryotes
Have a nucleus & mitochondria! Many specialized & complex organelles. DNA on chromosomes inside the nucleus. Ex. Plants, animals, fungi & protists.
32
Prokaryotes
No nucleus, no mitochondria. Very few organelles. Cell is small & simple. DNA/single chromosome floats in cytoplasm (in nucleoid region). Ex. Bacteria (Archaebacteria & Eubacteria)
33
Single - Celled Organisms
Organism made of 1 cell Ex. Bacteria & protists such as ameba, euglena, paramecia
34
Muti-Celled Organisms
Organism made up of many cells! Ex. Animals, plants, some fungi
35
Organization of LIFE in a Multi-celled Organism
cell 🡪 tissue 🡪 organ 🡪 organ system 🡪 organism
36
Cell Specialization in a Multi-Celled Organisms
Cells use different parts of their genetic code to perform specific functions w/in an organism! Specialized cells take on unique shapes & roles to maintain homeostasis!
37
Organelles
Structures w/in a cell that carry out specific life functions.
38
Nucleus
Controls cell activities (contains chromatin/ chromosomes).
39
Chromatin (Chromosomes)
contains instructions for making proteins! * In prep. for cell division...the loose, thread-like chromatin condenses into tightly packed chromosomes!
40
Nucleolus
Makes ribosomes.
41
Centrioles
Aid in cell division (in animal cells ONLY)
42
Nuclear Membrane (Envelope)
Regulates what leave/enter the nucleus
43
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
* Makes phospholipids! * Transports substances. * Decreases toxins.
44
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Modifies proteins made by ribosomes & sends them to the Golgi Apparatus.
45
Ribosomes
make proteins (protein synthesis).
46
Golgi Apparatus
Modifies proteins (adds carbohydrate chains or lipids to them) & packages them for exocytosis or cell use!
47
Vacuole
Stores water, wastes, proteins, salts, food, etc. until they are used or eliminated by the cell.
48
Lysosomes
Contain digestive enzymes that break down food, worn out organelles & foreign substances. (In animal cells ONLY)
49
Mitochondria
Conducts Cellular Respiration 🡪 breaks down glucose & transfers the energy to ATP which fuels cell activities!
50
Cytoplasm
Fluid-like substance that transports materials & holds organelles “loosely” in place.
51
Cell Membrane
Selectively permeable, receives chemical messages & separates internal from external environment.
52
Central vacuole
Stores water & presses against the cell membrane & cell wall, creating Turgor Pressure!
53
Cell Wall
Provides support & rigidity to the cell.
54
Chloroplast
Conducts Photosynthesis: absorbs light, H2O & CO2 to make GLUCOSE (food) & O2
55
Cytoskeleton
Network of protein filaments - help maintain cell shape & are involved in cell movement.
56
Microtubles
Hollow tubes of protein. * Helps keep cell shape. * Serve as “tracks” that organelles can move along. * Help separate chromosomes during cell division. * Form “hair-like” projections (cilia & flagella) from the cell’s surface that aid in locomotion of single celled organisms.
57
Microfilaments
Long thin protein fibers. - Aid in cell support & movement.
58

Honors Bio (2 decks)

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