cells (animals, plants, eukaryotic, prokaryotic)

Question 1

what is the cell wall made of and what does it do?

Answer 1

it’s made of cellulose, and it helps to strengthen the cell and give it support

Question 2

what does the cytoplasm in a cell do?

Answer 2

it’s where chemical reactions/processes happen, and it’s controlled by enzymes

Question 3

what is the function of the vacuole?

Answer 3

it’s filled with cell sap to keep the cell turgid

Question 4

what is the function of the ribosomes?

Answer 4

protein is made in the ribosomes, and photosynthesis happens here

Question 5

what is the function of mitochondria

Answer 5

energy is released by respiration here and they can provide a cell/organism with energy

Question 6

what do chloroplasts contain?

Answer 6

chlorophyll, the green pigment which absorbs light for photosynthesis

Question 7

what does the nucleus do?

Answer 7

contains genetic material and controls the activities of the cell

Question 8

what does the cell membrane do?

Answer 8

controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

Question 9

what are the 2 types of cells?

Answer 9

eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Question 10

what is the difference between the 2 types of cells? (eukaryotic and prokaryotic)

Answer 10

eukaryotic cells a bigger, complex cells with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles, but prokaryotic cells are smaller, simple cells without a nucleus and no membrane bound organelles

Question 11

what is an organelle?

Answer 11

subscellular structures which carry out different functions of a cell

Question 12

how big is a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 12

5-100 micrometres, bigger than prokaryotes

Question 13

how big is a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 13

0.2-2 micrometres, smaller than eukaryotic cells

Question 14

what is the only organelle a prokaryotic cell has?

Answer 14

ribosomes, every cell requires ribosomes because they allow the cell to make protein, which is needed

Question 15

what are examples of eukaryotic cells?

Answer 15

animal, plant and fungi cells

Question 16

what are examples of prokaryotic cells?

Answer 16

bacteria cells

Question 17

what are the 3 extra organelles that plant cells have, which an animal cell doesn’t?

Answer 17

chloroplasts, a cell wall and vacuole

Question 18

how do eukaryotic cells divide?

Answer 18

mitosis

Question 19

how do prokaryotic cells divide?

Answer 19

binary fission

Question 20

what is the difference between cell differentiation and cell specialisation?

Answer 20

cell differentiation is the process in which cells develop new subscellular structures to perform a specific function, but cell specialisation is how a cell is adapted to carry out their function

Question 21

what is the difference between cell specialisation and cell differentiation?

Answer 21

cell differentiation is the process in which a cell develops new subscellular structures to perform a specific function, and cell specialisation is how a cell has adapted to carry out their function

Question 22

name 3 adapted animal cells

Answer 22

sperm cell, nerve cell and muscle cell

Question 23

name 3 adapted plant cells

Answer 23

root hair cell, xylem cell, phloem cell

Question 24

how has the sperm cell adapted?

Answer 24

the acrosome (tip of the sperm) in the head of the sperm contains enzymes to help penetrate an egg cell, middle section of the sperm cell contains mitochondria which provides the cell with energy to swim and fertilise the egg cell, has a long tail to help the cell swim to an egg cell

Question 25

how has the nerve cell adapted?

Answer 25

the nerve cell is extended with an axon which acts like a tail to help the cell travel easily around the body, the cell has dendrites to help communicate with other nerve cells

Question 26

how is the muscle cell adapted?

Answer 26

contains mitochondria to help provide the cell with energy during muscle contraction

Question 27

how is the root hair cell adapted?

Answer 27

large surface area to maximise water and nutrient absorption, and has thin walls to make it easier for water and minerals to move into the cell / not restrict the movement of water and minerals in the cell

Question 28

how is the xylem cell adapted?

Answer 28

there are no top and bottom walls between xylem cells, to allow water to constantly run throughout the cell / allow a continuous supply of water, keeping the plant hydrated and not disrupting the transport of water, and has thick walls of lignin to support the plant

Question 29

how is the phloem cell adapted?

Answer 29

has companion cells, which provides the cell with energy to provide substances easier

Question 30

give a few differences between a light and electron microscope

Answer 30

a light microscope has a maximum magnification of 2,000x, but an electron microscope has a magnification of 2,000,000x, a light microscope is cheap, an electron microscope is expensive, a light microscope has a low resolution but an electron microscope has a high resolution, a light microscope forms an image when light beams pass through an object but an electron microscope forms an image when beams of electrons pass through an object, a light microscope produces images in colour but an electron microscope produces images in black and white

Question 31

what is a stem cell?

Answer 31

a cell which hasn't been differentiated to perform a specific function

Question 32

how does therapeutic cloning work?

Answer 32

an egg cell is provided by a donor, and the nucleus of that egg cell is removed and discarded, then a nucleus is taken from any cell from the patient, this nucleus is then transferred to the donor's egg cell and is stimulated to divide to produce an embryo, once the embryo is formed, the stem cells are removed from the embryo and harvested to produce different types of cells

Question 33

what does a patient have to take if their body rejects a donor's stem cells?

Answer 33

immunosuppressant drugs, that's why they can also choose to use their own stem cells

Question 34

what is diffusion?

Answer 34

diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to a lower concentration

Question 35

how can diffusion be sped up?

Answer 35

increase the temperature (increases kinetic energy, so particles will move to the different area of conc faster), shorten the distance, increase the surface area

Question 36

what is osmosis?

Answer 36

osmosis is the net movement of water molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration across a partially permeable membrane (dilute to concentrated solution)

Question 37

what is a hypertonic solution?

Answer 37

a concentrated solution, where solute concentration is high, but water concentration is low

Question 38

what is a hypotonic solution?

Answer 38

a dilute solution, where concentration of solutes is low, but conc of water is high

Question 39

what is a isotonic solution

Answer 39

a solution where the concentration of solutes and water are equal

Question 40

what is the required practical for osmosis?

Answer 40

peel a potato, cut the potato into 3 equal slices, measure the length and width of the potatoes, put 0,25cmcubed of sugar solution into one test tube, 0.5cm cubed into another and distilled water into another, at the same time place the potato slices into the test tubes one in each, leave the potatoes for 20 minutes, remove potatoes and dry them by dabbing tissue on them, measure the new length and width of the potatoes, calculate percentage change

Question 41

what is active transport?

Answer 41

active transport is the net movement of particles against a concentration gradient, from a low concentration to high concentration

Question 42

in notes, write an example of where osmosis, diffusion and active transport can be used