CELLS IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF ANIMAL'S BODY Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
is the smallest structural unit of living material of a multicellular organism. Surrounded by cell membrane, the cell is composed of a membrane-bounded nucleus and cytoplasm that contains specialized organelles and inclusions.
A
Cell
2
Q
are typically small, single-celled organisms (eg. bacteria) that lack a nuclear envelope, histones and membranous organelles.
A
Prokaryotic cells
3
Q
exist primarily as components of multicellular organisms.
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Eukaryotic cells
4
Q
What cells are present in Golgi complex which are specialized for secretion?
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glandular cells
5
Q
Primary lysosomes are found in most cells but are most abundant in phagocytic cells like
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macrophages and neutrophils
6
Q
GLYCOGEN is the major storage form of carbohydrates, particularly abundant in
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liver cells
7
Q
Fat is stored primarily in
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adipose cells
8
Q
Actin is one of the major components of
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muscle cells
9
Q
Myosin in its thick filamentous (about 1.5 m long and 15 nm in diameter) form
occurs only in
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muscle cells
10
Q
Neurofilaments intermediate filament bundles found in the
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neurons
11
Q
Glial filaments (glial fibrilary acidic protein) found in
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astrocytes or glial cells
12
Q
Cytokeratin filaments referred to as tonofilaments of
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epithelial cells
13
Q
Vimentin in ______ derived cells like fibroblast and chondrocytes
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mesenchymal derived cells
14
Q
Desmin is found in
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muscle cells
15
Q
Melanin dispersion is found in
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pigment cells
16
Q
They are the largest and most numerous in embryonic cells, in cells
actively synthesizing proteins, and in rapidly growing malignant tumor cells.
A
Nucleolus
17
Q
Hemidesmosomes consist only one half of the desmosomes. They are means for
attaching of what cells to the basal lamina?
A
epithelial cells
18
Q
are commonly found in respiratory system where they function in the movement of mucous film.
A
Ciliated cells
19
Q
STEREOCILIA have long and rigid microvilli, present in spiral organ of hearing, and
the _____ cells in a vestibular sensory receptors.
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receptor cells
20
Q
Mitosis is the dividing phase in which the DNA is equally distributed to _______, enabling them to perform the same function as the mother cell.
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two daughter cells
21
Q
Meiosis is a process
of cell division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced to one half. In
contrast to the _______, which have diploid number of chromosomes, the germ
cells possess a haploid number of chromosomes although derived from diploid
precursors.
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somatic cells
22
Q
_____ never divide, but remain in Gap1 during
the lifetime of the organism.
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adult nerve cells
23
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in Telophase, the nuclear membrane reforms, nucleoli appear and cytokinesis occurs
forming
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two daughter cells
24
Q
Epithelium consists of a sheet of aggregated cells of similar type, constitute the external and internal surface of the body. In addition to forming the surface covering, growth of _________ proliferate into the underlying tissue to form glands and hair follicles.
A
epithelial cells
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Simple epithelium is any single layer of ______ resting on the basement
membrane. This type of epithelium is found covering or lining wet surfaces.
epithelial cells
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Stratified epithelium is made up of two or more layers of cells with only _____
layer resting on the basement membrane.
basal cell
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The simple squamos epithelium is a single layer of thin, flat, _____.
scale-like cells
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The stratified squamos epithelium is consists of several layers of cells, with only
the_____ having a squamous shape.
superficial cells
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produce a mucus film
that traps dust particles
goblet cells
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move the dust-laden mucus of the body
opening
ciliated cells
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There are several layers found in Stratified squamos nonkeratinized form: the deepest layer (layer next to the basement membrane) is composed of ______. Above this layer are additional layers of ______, and the superficial
layer is composed of ______. The flattened superficial cells retain their
nuclei.
-columnar
cells
-polyhedral cells
-squamos cells.
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Stratum basale is the deepest layer of cell next to the basal lamina, which is a single layer of ______.
cuboidal to columnar cells
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Stratum spinosum is the next layer, composed of varying number of layers of
______ tightly adhered to each other by numerous desmosomes.
polyhedral cells
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Stratum granulosum is a layer of ______ and is not present in all stratified squamos epithelia.
granulated cells
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Stratum lucidum occurs only in non-hairy skin regions. It is a layer of flattened ______ between the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum and has a
translucent appearance because it contain eleidin, a protein similar to keratin but with a somewhat different staining affinity.
keratinized cells
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Stratum corneum consists of dead, ______ that are fairly resistant to
environmental irritants.
keratinized cells
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The stratified cuboidal epithelium, consist of two or more layers of cells with a surface layer of typical ______.
cuboidal cells
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The stratified columnar epithelium is made up of several layers of cells. The
superficial layer of tall, _______ does not extend to the basement membrane. The deeper layers are composed of smaller _______ that do not reach the
surface.
-prismatic cells
-polyhedral cells
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When the transitional epithelium is under little extension, the ______ are larger and pillow-shaped,
whereas, the ______ are smaller and irregularly shaped.
- surface cells
-deeper cells
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are modified to receive and transmit sensory information. They are associated with special sensory organs such as olfactory cells of olfactory
mucosa, gustatory cells of taste buds, hair cells of organ of Corti.
Neuroepithelium cells
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are specialized epithelial cells associated with adenomeres of most
exocrine glands. It contains myofibrils and contractile elements responsible for
expression of secretory products into ducts.
Myoepithelium
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are epithelial components of thymus gland.
Epithelial-reticular cells
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are cells that secrete hormones
Cells of endocrine glands
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Glycocalyx is a carbohydrate-rich surface coat, present in the surface of the cell, and is particularly well-developed in the
epithelial cells.
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Macula adherens or desmosomes are cellular attachment between
______. Cellular attachment is similar to spot-weld because they occur only at site around the cell membrane.
stratified squamous epithelial cells
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Intraepithelial glands occur as a cluster of only few ______ within a
surface epithelium.
secretory cells
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The ______ are located at the periphery of the mucus secreting unit and are half-moon or crescent-shaped clusters of cells called serous demilunes.
serous cells
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Mesenchyme is composed of irregularly shaped
______ with many and often long processes. They undergo numerous mitotic divisions and continuously change their shape and location to adapt to the transformation that occurs during the embryonic growth.
mesenchymal cells
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The ________ and ______ are permanent connective tissue cells.
fibroblast and adipose cells
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The fusiform-shaped _______ are the most common connective tissue cell; these cells are young and exhibit synthetic activity. The main function of the this is to synthesize collagen, reticular and elastic fibers, and the extracellular matrix.
fibroblasts
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_____ are mature cells and are smaller than the fibroblast.
fibrocytes
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the most abundant, are
squamous alveolar cells that line all of the alveolar surfaces.
Type I pneumocytes or membranous pneumocytes
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They are great alveolar cells
interspersed among the squamous alveolar cells either singly or in small groups.
These cells are secretory in nature; they synthesize and secrete a phospholipid-rich
product called pulmonary surfactant.
Type II pneumocytes or granular pneumocytes.
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are derived from the circulating blood monocytes that originate in the bone marrow. They are found in the connective
tissue of alveolar septa and on the surface of the alveoli. The primary function of this is protection; they clean the alveoli of invading
microorganism and inhaled particulate matter. They also phagocytose blood cellsthat enter the alveoli as a result of heart failure and are thus designated as heart
failure cells.
Alveolar macrophages, or dust cells,
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Most cells in the intestinal epithelium are tall, columnar absorptive cell with a prominent striated (brush) border (microvilli) covered by a thick glycocalyx coat.
Columnar cells.
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absorb amino acids, glucose,
and fatty acids - the end products of protein, carbohydrates, and fat digestion,
respectively.
Intestinal cells
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Interspersed among the columnar absorptive cells are the goblet
cells that increase in number toward the distal region of the small intestine
(ileum). it secrete mucus that lubricates, coats, and protects the
intestinal surface from the corrosive action of digestive chemicals and enzymes.
Goblet cells
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are also found in the epithelium of the villi and intestinal glands. These cells secrete
numerous regulatory hormones of the intestine, including gastric inhibitory
peptide, secretin, and cholecystokinin (pancreozymin).
Enteroendocrine or APUD (amine precursor uptake decarboxylation) cells
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are specialized pyramidal cells that contain deep-staining eosinophilic granules and have basally displaced nucleus, located at the base
of the intestinal glands. Their exact function is not completely known however,
these cells produce lysozyme, an antibacterial enzyme that digest the cell walls of some bacteria and appears to control the microbial flora of the small
intestine. these are present in ruminants, horse and man but are absent in
other domestic species.
Paneth cells
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young goblet cells
Oligomucous cells
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young columnar cells
Midcrypt columnar cells
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at the base of the crypt
Undifferentiated cells
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_____ such as leukocytes and lymphocytes can also be found in the crypts
Migrant cells
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produce the hormone glucagons, whose main physiological
function is to increase the levels of glucose in the blood. This function is primarily accomplished by accelerating the conversion of glycogen, amino acids, and fatty acids in the liver into glucose; this conversion elevates the sugar levels in the blood.
alpha cells
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on the pancreatic islets produce the hormone insulin, whose release
is stimulated by the elevation of the glucose after meal.
beta cells
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secrete the hormone somastostatin, which decreases and inhibits the
secretion of both insulin and glucagons through local action within the pancreatic islets.
delta cells
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Pale staining or have little affinity for stains that appear clear or white in tissue sections. It is believed to be partially degranulated acidophils or basophils.
Usually clustered and may form the center of a cord of cells.
Considered reserved cells that are capable of differentiating into chromophilic cells or they may be cells in the process of degranulation.
Generally, 50% of the cells in the pars distalis are chromophobes, 40% are
acidophils and 10% are basophils.
Chromophobes (Chromophobic cells, Chief cells, Principal cells, Reserve cells, C
cells or Gamma cells)
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have numerous fine processes interspersed between the other
cells of the pars distalis. They may have phagocytic functions.
Stellate cells
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contain sparse granules. They are undifferentiated neurosecretory cells, which may be stem cells.
Resting degranulated chromophils
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are the predominant chromophobe type which form from a stromal network that supports the chromophils.
Follicular cells
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are hormone-secreting cells of the adenohypophysis that stains intensely owing to their abundant cytoplasmic secretory granules.
Chromophils
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secrete simple proteins with an acidophilic cytoplasm and stain
intensely with eosin and orange G, but not with PAS
More abundant in the periphery of the gland, they are usually smaller than
basophils and their eosinophilic granules are larger and numerous.
A simple mnemonic device for remembering the hormones secreted by
these is GPA - growth hormone, prolactin, acidophils
Acidophils
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predominate in the lateral portions of the pars distalis have a distinct affinity for orange G. They are cells that secrete growth hormone (or GH, somatotropin).
Somatotropes
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stain with erythrosin and carmeosin
L, especially when the cells are hypertrophied and contain many granules, as in pregnancy and lactation, or when nonpregnant animals are treated with
estrogen. They are cells that produce the lactogenic hormone prolactin, which
stimulates development of the mammary gland during pregnancy. After parturition (birth), prolactin maintains milk production in the mammary glands
during lactation.
Mammotropes (lactotropes or prolactin cells)
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secrete glycoproteins with a basophilic cytoplasm; stain well with hematoxylin and other basic dyes; they are PAS positive.
More abundant in the core of the gland, usually larger than acidophils, with
fewer and smaller granules.
A mnemonic for hormones produced by basophils is B-FLAT - Basophils, FSH, LH,
ACTH, TSH
Basophils
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secrete the thyroid-stimulating hormone (or TSH, thyrotropin). It
stimulates synthesis and secretion of the thyroid hormones thyroxin and
triiodothyronine from the thyroid gland.
Thyrotropes
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are cells that secrete Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH) or Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormones (ICSH) in male.
Gonadotropes
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secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH influences the function of cells in the adrenal cortex. ACTH also stimulates the synthesis and release of glucocorticoids from the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the
adrenal cortex.
Corticotropes
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are acidophilic with basally located nucleus that varies in shape with that of the cell
Comprise about 90% of the cell population
Mitochondria, rER, ribosomes, and polysomes are distributed throughout the cytoplasm. The Golgi complex lies between the nucleus and the microvillus
apical cell surface.
Thyroid follicular cells
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derive from the neural crest and reach the thyroid during development via ultimobranchial body. They occur as single cells within the basement membrane of the follicles but may also form groups in the same location or outside the
follicles, especially in the dog. These cells are the source of calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin)
and are characterized by light-staining cytoplasm, little endoplasmic reticulum, abundant Golgi complex, many mitochondria, and especially numerous small
membrane-bound vesicles.
Parafollicular or C cells
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are the most numerous of the parenchymal cells,
generally arranged in clusters, strands, or cords. These small polygonal cells exhibit
typical peptide secretory cell ultrastructure.
Principal cells (Chief cells)
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are usually the most frequent cell type, considered
to be in resting stage or at the end of the secretory cycle. They are relatively
large, acidophil cells. The Golgi complex is inconspicuous, the rER is concentrated
in small areas, and there are occasional secretory granules; lipid droplets and
lipofuscin inclusions (cattle) or glycogen (cat) may be present. The nucleus is
large and light-staining.
Inactive (light) principal cells
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contain a nucleus with condensed chromatin,
surrounded by dark cytoplasm containing an extensive Golgi complex, abundant
rER, and numerous mitochondria and secretory granules. The entire appearance
is that of a stimulated cell.
Active (dark) principal cells
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is present rather regularly in man, horse and large ruminants but is rare
in other domestic mammals. These large cells (up to 27 um in the horse) occur either
singly or in clusters. They possess a small and at times pyknotic nucleus and a lightstaining
acidophilic cytoplasm, which literally filled with mitochondria, whereas
Golgi complex, granular ER, and secretory granules are scarce. These cells are in an
inactive stage of secretion. Their functional significance is unknown.
Oxyphil cell
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constitute
the predominant medullary cell type. They are modified postganglionic
sympathetic neurons that have lost their axons and dendrites.
Their secretory cells have strong affinity to chromium-containing stains.
Cells contain large nuclei, abundant electron-dense secretory granules that
synthesize and release their catecholamine (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
upon neural stimulation, especially stress-mediated preganglionic sympathetic
neurons.
Chromaffin cells (pheochromocytes or pheochrome cells, glandular cells)
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contain large spherical nucleus and argentaffin granules. Ultrastructurally, they are membrane-bounded and highly electron-dense
granules are present together with a well-developed Golgi complex, profiles of rER, and numerous oval mitochondria.
Norepinephrine cells
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are similar to norepinephrine cells; however, their granules are
less-electron dense and are distinguished from the norepinephrine granules by a small empty space located between the granule and the bounding membrane.
Epinephrine cells
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are few parasympathetic ganglion cells present and exhibit typical
morphological characteristics of autonomic ganglion cells.
Ganglion cells
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contain granules insoluble in alcohol that stain brilliant red with
Masson’s trichrome method; they are argyrophylic. Nucleus is generally deeply
indented or lobulated
Represents approximately 5 to 30% of the islet population;
In pig, their number decreases from about 50% in the newborn animal to
between 8 to 20% in the adult.
In horse, these cells are often located in the core of the islets, in cattle, they tend
to be arranged in the periphery.
In response to low blood glucose, these cells secrete glucagon, whose effects
are opposite to those produced by insulin.
A cells (alpha cells)
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are the most numerous cell type in the islets and contain
granules soluble in alcohol that stain dark orange with Mallory’s trichrome and
deep purple with Gomori’s aldehyde-fucshin stain. Cells are non-argyrophylic,
indistinct boundaries and polyangular. Nucleus is spherical and smaller than that of
A cells. it Secrete insulin in response to high blood glucose.
B cells (beta cells)
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relatively rare occurrence, approximately 5% in dogs and are
located mainly in the periphery of the islets. They synthesize and secrete
somatostatin, which suppresses the release of insulin, glucagon and growth
hormone. They may also secrete gastrin, which stimulates secretion of glands in the
gastric mucosa.
D cells (delta cells)
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store fat and may occur singly or in groups. When these predominate, the tissue is called adipose tissue. In addition to storing fats, these provide protective packing material in and around numerous organs.
adipose (fat) cells
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are numerous in connective tissue regions, especially in the loose connective tissue. In fact, these may resemble the fibroblasts. these are phagocytic and their main function is to ingest
bacteria, cell debris and other foreign matter in the connective tissue.
macrophages, or histiocytes
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are spherical to ovoid cells filled with fine, dark-staining granules.
These cells are widely distributed in the connective tissue of the skin and the digestive and respiratory organs, and usually are closely associated with blood
vessels. The main function of these is to synthesize and release heparin and
histamine.
mast cells
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are numerous in the connective tissue region of the respiratory and
digestive tracts. Because they arise from the lymphocytes that migrate
into the connective tissue, they are found in great abundance in the connective tissue and lymphatic tissue of the body. The main function of this is to
synthesize and secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins) into circulation, aiding the
body in its defense against bacterial infections.
plasma cells
96
migrate into the connective tissue from the
blood vessel. The main function is to defend the organism against bacterial invasion or the presence of foreign material.
white blood cells or leukocytes
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are active phagocytes, found in great number at the site of bacterial invasion and infection. They readily engulf and destroy bacteria in these sites
neutrophils
98
increase in number following parasitic
infections or allergic reaction. Their main function is the phagocytosis of antigen antibody
complexes formed during allergic reactions.
eosinophils
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are filled with
basophilic granules, which contain heparin and histamine. Their function is similar to that of the mast cells; they respond to antigen by liberating histamine and inducing
an inflammatory response.
basophils
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are most numerous in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Their main function is to respond to invasion of pathogens and foreign material. They mediate immune responses to antigens.
lymphocytes
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is characterized by a deep basophilic cytoplasm and a large, round, pale staining, vesicular nucleus. It can undergo mitosis and may
differentiate from more primitive stem cells.
Hemocytoblast
102
is the first cell in the erythrocytic
series. The nucleus is primitive and somewhat smaller than that of the
hemocytoblast. The cytoplasm is more basophilic than that of the
hemocytoblast.
Rubriblast (proerythroblast or pronormoblast)
103
is smaller than
the two previous forms and has a coarsely distributed chromatin in the nucleus and an intensely basophilic cytoplasm. Nucleoli are either poorly
defined or absent. High mitotic activity.
Prorubricyte (basophilic erythroblast, basophilic normoblast)
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has a small cell with a small, round and dense nucleus. Nucleoli are not
apparent. The cytoplasm has a mottled basophilic and acidophilic
appearance due to presence of hemoglobin and RNA.
Rubricyte (polychromatophilic erythroblast, polychromatophilic normoblast)
105
is characterized by
an acidophilic cytoplasm that is very similar to the mature erythrocytes. The
nucleus becomes very condensed and eventually pyknotic. The nucleus is
lost eventually by simple extrusion from the cell or by karyolysis.
Metarubricyte (orthochromatic erythroblast, normoblast)
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the cytoplasm is diffusely basophilic. Basophilia is due to
accumulation of ribonucleoproteins for cellular synthesis.
Reticulocyte (polychromatophilic erythrocyte, diffusely basophilic
erythrocyte)
107
is the mature RBC. The circulating RBC’s of the
embryo are nucleated and probably represent metarubricytes.
Erythrocyte (red blood cell)
108
cells in the granulocytic series as in the erythrocytic series
Hemocytoblast
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is the earliest progenitor of the granulocytic series. It is large with basophilic cytoplasm that is usually darker in the periphery than in the
perinuclear region. The nucleus is large, finely reticular and red-staining. Two or more nucleoli may be observed.
Myeloblast
110
the daughter cell of myeloblast, is a large
cell which may even be larger that the hemocytoblast. The nucleus is round with coarsely distributed chromatin. Nucleoli are not readily observed. Granules are present and vary from acidophilic to basophilic. There is a gradual decrease in nonspecific granules and a gradual increase in specific granules. Mitotic activity is high.
Promyelocyte (progranulocyte)
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is the last stage to form by mitosis from the parent cell, is the first recognizable stage of the specific granulocytes. The nucleus is smaller and chromatin is coarser than the previous stages. The nucleus is also more oval than round and a slight indentation may be apparent. There is an increase in number of specific granules. Mitosis is high.
Myelocyte (basophilic myelocyte, eosinophilic myelocyte, neutrophilic
myelocyte)
112
is characterized by bean-shaped or horseshoe
appearance. The cytoplasm is slightly acidophilic and filled with specific
granules. A neutrophilic metamyelocyte is also referred to as juvenile.
Metamyelocyte (basophilic metamyelocyte, eosinophilic metamyelocyte,
neutrophilic metamyelocyte)
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is characterized by a horseshoe-shaped nucleus.
Band cell (basophilic band cell, eosinophilic band cell, neutrophilic band
cell)
114
is characterized by lobed nucleus. Specific granules are numerous.
Mature granulocyte (mature basophil, mature eosinophil, mature neutrophil)
115
