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Biology > Cells & Microorganisms - SACE Stage 1 Biology > Flashcards

Cells & Microorganisms - SACE Stage 1 Biology Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Characteristics of living things (MRS GREN)

A

Movement: Changing position over time.
Respiration: When energy is extracted from nutrients.
Sensitivity: Detecting and responding to internal and external stimuli.
Growth: Increase in size or number of cells.
Reproduction: The production of offspring.
Excretion: The process of eliminating waste products.
Nutrition: Exchanging materials and gases with the environment and used to provide fuel for life processes.

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2
Q

Cell Theory

A

All living things are composed of cells

Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things

New cells are produced from existing cells

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3
Q

Modern Cell Theory

A

Energy flow occurs within cells, and hereditary information (DNA) and is passed from cell to cell.

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4
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

A cell that is unicellular, does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles, singular circular chromosomes and are smaller 1-10 micrometers.
E.G. Bacteria

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5
Q
  1. Eukaryotic Cells
A

Is a cell that is multicellular, contains a nucleus, is a membrane-bound organelles, multiple liner chromosomes and are bigger 10-100 micrometers
E.G. Animals, plants, humans, fungi, protists.

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6
Q

Nucleus

A

Stores DNA and coordinates the cell’s activities.
It is a eukaryotic cell.

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7
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

A

Folds and synthesises proteins. Has ribosomes.
It is eukaryotic.

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8
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

A

Synthesises lipids for use in the cell membrane and other parts of the cell. Has NO ribsomes.
It is eukaryotic.

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9
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell.
It is eukaryotic.

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10
Q

Mitochondria

A

Carries out the process of aerobic respiration, is the powerhouse of the cell and it produces ATP (energy).
It is eukaryotic.

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11
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Carry out photosynthesis.

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12
Q

Vacuole

A

Stores water and nutrients in plant cells.

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13
Q

Vesicle

A

Transports molecules within plant and animal cells.

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14
Q

Proteins

A

Large complex molecules that maintain the structure and carry out important functions.

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15
Q

Amino Acids

A

Smaller molecules that make up proteins.

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16
Q

Ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis. All Cells.

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17
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

Large molecules used in the synthesis of proteins and ribosomes.

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18
Q

Cell Membrane

A

The semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell. Involved in the transport of materials between the cell and extra-cellular space

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19
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A fluid filled structure containing enzymes, salts, organelles and other important molecules

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20
Q

ATP

A

Cells require energy for vital functions, obtained through breaking down glucose via cellular respiration, which converts food into a from of energy (ATP).

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21
Q

Autotrophs

A

Organisms that obtain and use light energy to synthesise organic molecules, from inorganic molecules through photosynthesis.
E.G. plants concert carbon dioxide and water into glucose.

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22
Q

Heterotrophs

A

An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products.
E.G. Decomposers (bacteria) consume dead matter, while herbivores and carnivores consume living organisms.

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23
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

Carbon dioxide + water —-> glucose + oxygen

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24
Q

Binary fission

Study These Flashcards
A

The cell division in prokaryotes.
The parent cell replicates it’s DNA and elongates, separating DNA molecules. A cross wall forms, leading to the division into two identical daughter cells.

25
Mitosis
Cell division in eukaryotes.
26
Interphase
The fist stage of the cell cycle, during which a cell grows, matures and replicates it's DNA.
27
Prophase
The second phase of the cell cycle in which the DNA condenses and the nuclear membrane breaks down
28
Metaphase
The third phase of the cell cycle in which chromosomes align at the cells equator.
29
Anaphase
The forth phase of the cell cycle in which the sister chromatids are mulled apart to opposite poles.
30
Telophase
The fifth phase of the cell cycle in which chromosomes decondense, and the nuclear membrane reforms.
31
Cytokenisis
the division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells after mitosis
32
Aerobic respiration
Respiration that requires oxygen
33
Anaerobic respiration
Respiration that does not require oxygen
34
Aerobic word equation
Glucose + oxygen ----> water + carbon dioxide
35
Alcoholic fermentation equation
FOR PLANTS: glucose -----> carbon dioxide + ethanol This is for anaerobic respiration
36
Lactic acid fermentation equation
FOR ANIMALS: glucose ----> lactic acid This is for anaerobic respiration
37
Exocytosis
Release of substances out a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane.
38
Endocytosis
Includes phagocytosis (cell eating) and pinocytosis (cell drinking)
39
Passive Transport
The movement of substances with the concentration gradient (HIGH TO LOW) across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell.
40
Active Transport
The movement of substances with the concentration gradient (LOW TO HIGH) through a cell membrane using energy (ATP).
41
Simple Diffusion
The movement of small, uncharged molecules directly across the membrane. E.G. gas exchange in lungs and leaves.
42
Facilitated Diffusion
The movement of larger molecules or ions through membrane proteins (channel or carrier proteins). This still moves down the concentration gradient.
43
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. It is important for maintaining cells shape in animal and plant cells.
44
Tonicity
The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.
45
Isotonic
The solute concentration is equal inside and outside of a cell.
46
Hypotonic
Solute concentration is LOWER than that inside the cell; cell gains water.
47
Hypertonic
Solute concentration is HIGHER than that inside the cell; cell loses water.
48
Bulk Transport
The transport of large molecules and materials between the cell and the extracellular space.
49
Metabolism
Chemical breakdown of molecules to release energy or the synthesis of molecules.
50
What is Cell Division
Cell division is essential for multicellular organisms, allowing for growth, repair, reproduction, and transfer of genetic material.
51
Growth conditions for bacteria
Bacteria thrive in warm moist condition. they reproduce via binary fission, doubling their population about every 20 minutes in optimal conditions. The Phases: lag phase, log phase, stationary, and death
52
Bacteria
unicellular prokaryotes that can be heterotrophic (consume food) or autotrophic (produce their own food). they can cause infectious diseases.
53
Fungi
Heterotrophic eukaryotes that include both unicellular and multicellular organisms, they feed on decaying organic matter or act as parasites.
54
Protists
Eukaryotic organisms that include amoeba, flagellates, ciliates, and spiroza.
55
Viruses
Viruses are not classified as microorganisms because they cannot carry out life processes independently and need a host to replicate and survive.
56
Algae
Autotrophic organism that can be unicellular or multicellular, playing a major role in aquatic food webs.
57
Achaea
Unicellular prokaryotes that inhibit extreme conditions and break down inorganic molecules for energy.
58
Waste Removal
Waste removal or excretion is the process by which organisms eliminate metabolic waste products and other non-useful substances, ensuring the body maintains a stable internal environment (homeostasis).
59
SA:V relation to cells and efficiency
As cells grow, their SA:V change, particularly when preparing for division. The larger cells may become the less efficient due to a decreasing SA:V

Biology (1 decks)

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