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3 Immunology > Cells of the immune system > Flashcards

Cells of the immune system Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

cells of the immune system circulate in the ?

A

bloodstream

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2
Q

cells of the immune system migrate into ? to detect foreign antigens

A

tissues

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3
Q

cells of the immune system accumulate in specialised ? where they ? and ?

A

organs
develop
differentiate

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4
Q

what is another name for a white blood cell?

A

leucocyte

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5
Q

white blood cells differentiate from what type of cell? where is it found?

A

haematopoietic stem cell
found in bone marrow

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6
Q

platelets are formed from which type of cell?

A

megakaryocyte

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7
Q

name 3 antigen presenting cells

A

macrophage
interdigitating cell
dendritic cell

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8
Q

what are the two lineages of lymphocyte differentiation?

A

lymphoid lineage
myeloid lineage

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9
Q

the lymphoid lineage gives rise to what type of cell?

A

lymphocytes

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10
Q

what is the role of lymphocytes?

A

recognition and effector functions

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11
Q

the myeloid lineage gives rise to what type of cells?

A

granulocytes
monocytes

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12
Q

name 3 granulocytes

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils (mast cells)

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13
Q

role of granulocytes?

A

effector function

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14
Q

life span of granulocytes?

A

short lived

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15
Q

role of monocytes?

A

recognition and effector functions
remove particulate matter

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16
Q

the majority of circulating granulocytes are ?

A

neutrophils

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17
Q

name this cell

A

neutrophil

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18
Q

describe the nucleus of neutrophils

A

multi-lobed nucleus

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19
Q

what are the roles of neutrophils? 3

A

phagocytosis
destruction of pathogens
diapedesis

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20
Q

what is diapedesis?

A

ability to adhere to endothelial cells lining blood vessels and squeeze between them to leave circulation and enter tissues

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21
Q

neutrophils have granules? T/F

A

true

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22
Q

what do granules contain?

A

lysozymes and secondary granules

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23
Q

name this cell

A

eosinophil

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24
Q

describe the nucleus of eosinophils

A

bilobed

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25
eosinophils have granules? T/F
true the granules stain with eosin
26
the crystalloid core of granules contains? 3
major basic protein eosinophil cationic protein eosinophil-derived neurotoxin
27
what is the role of eosinophils?
release granules upon activation resulting in the killing of large pathogens that can not be phagocytosed
28
name this cell
basophil
29
mast cells share ? with basophils but are only found in ?
characteristics tissues
30
basophils and mast cells are triggered by ? to release the contents of their ? causing an ? ?
allergens granules allergic response
31
describe the nucleus of basophils
segmented nucleus
32
do basophils have granules?
yes large cytoplasmic granules
33
mast cells cytoplasm is packed full of ? which contain ? and other ? ?
granules histamine inflammatory mediators
34
name this cell
monocyte
35
describe the nucleus of a monocyte
horse shoe-shaped nucleus
36
the cytoplasm of a monocyte contains? 2
pinocytic vesicles Lysosomal granules (not to be confused with cytoplasmic granules)
37
lysosomes are important for ?
killing phagocytosed microorganisms
38
Lysosomes contain ? 2
peroxidase acid hydrolase
39
macrophages are derived from? 2
haemopoietic stem cells monocytes taken from circulation into tissues where they differentiate if an empty niche is available
40
what is the function of macrophages?
disposal of microbes and dead body cells through phagocytosis
41
in the liver monocytes differentiate into what tissue macrophage?
kupffer cells
42
in the spleen monocytes differentiate into what tissue macrophage?
red pulp macrophages
43
in the lungs monocytes differentiate into what tissue macrophage?
alveolar macrophages
44
in the brain monocytes differentiate into what tissue macrophage?
microglial cells
45
in the bone monocytes differentiate into what tissue macrophage?
osteoclasts
46
in the peritoneal cavity monocytes differentiate into what tissue macrophage?
peritoneal macrophages
47
function of platelets
blood clotting and inflammation
48
function of antigen presenting cells
present antigen to T cell
49
function of mast cell
release granules causing a allergic response
50
function of endothelial cells
receptors recognise certain lymphocytes - control lymphocyte traffic and distribution
51
antigen presenting cells ? material and release ? which stimulate ? , ? , ? and ?
phagocytose cytokines phagocytes B cells Natural Killer cells T cells
52
name 4 antigen presenting cells
monocyte macrophage interdigitating cells dendritic cells
53
many tissues contain phagocytic cells derived from ?
monocytes
54
roles of phagocytic cells 4
phagocytosis concentration of antigen processing/presenting antigen to T cells secretion growth factors, cytokines
55
cooperation between B cells, T cells and antigen presenting cells requires ? 2
cell-to-cell contact secretion of cytokines
56
lymphocytes play a role in innate or adaptive immunity?
adaptive immunity
57
lymphocytes play a role in cellular or humoural adaptive immunity?
both
58
lymphocytes circulate all round the body, they are found in what? 3
blood lymph specialist tissue
59
some lymphocytes are very long lived, these are called ?
memory cells - important in the memory aspect of adaptive immunity
60
removal of lymphocytes results in the inability to what? 2 things
inability to produce antibody inability to carry out cellular immunity
61
describe the nucleus, volume, cytoplasm and organelles of a lymphocyte in general?
small volume large nucleus little cytoplasm few organelles
62
what are the primary lymphoid organs?
thymus bone marrow
63
what are the secondary lymphoid organs?
lymph nodes spleen MALT - mucosal associated lymphoid tissue e.g. tonsils
64
secondary lymphoid organ - lymph nodes react to antigens from where?
in lymph, entering via skin or mucosal surface
65
secondary lymphoid organ - spleen reacts to antigens from where?
blood-borne antigens
66
lymphocytes arise in the ? from a ? cell
bone marrow pluripotent stem cell
67
the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to lymphocytes is controlled by ?
growth factors
68
further differentiation of lymphocytes occurs where?
in primary lymphoid organs
69
from the common lymphoid precursor 25% of the stem cells become ? in ?
B cells bone marrow
70
from the common lymphoid precursor 60% of the stem cells become ? in ?
T cells thymus
71
from the common lymphoid precursor 15% of the stem cells become ?
non-B, non-C lymphocytes = NK cells or large granular lymphocytes
72
what are used as cell markers to study cell surfaces?
monoclonal antibodies
73
what is the name of the system which is a way to give marker molecules that are present on the surface of specific cells a name?
cluster of differentiation system
74
what is the CD marker expressed on the surface of helper T cells?
CD3 CD4
75
what is the CD marker expressed on the surface of cytotoxic T cell?
CD3 CD8
76
what is the CD marker expressed on the surface of B cells?
CD19 CD20
77
what is the CD marker expressed on the surface of NK cells?
CD16
78
each lymphocyte is specific for only one ?? as it has a specific antigen receptor on surface
antigenic determinant
79
lymphocyte education occurs in where?
primary lymphoid organs
80
lymphocyte education enables the lymphocyte to ?
distinguish between self and non-self
81
B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes don't function unless ?
activated
82
what causes the activation of lymphocytes?
binding of antigen by antigen receptor
83
what happens to B cells once activated?
differentiates into plasma cell to produce lots of immunoglobulin lots of rER
84
what happens to T cells when activated
differentiate into cytotoxic T cell with granules containing proteins for killing no rER differentiate into helper T cells to produce growth factors or lymphokines
85
the binding of antigen to lymphocyte antigen receptor causes ? which produces ? and ? for a more rapid and effective response
clonal expansion activated cells memory cells

3 Immunology (8 decks)

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