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Immuno > Cells & Organs > Flashcards

Cells & Organs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cells of innate immunity?

A

-granulocytes (‘polymorphonuclear leukocytes’)
>subgroup of WBCs
>cytoplasmic granules
-made in bone marrow
-basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
-H&E stain

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2
Q

Describe basophils.

A

-blue
-parasites, allergy, inflammation
-toxic granules & phagocytosis
-adhesion molecules

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3
Q

Describe eosinophils.

A

-red
-myeloid precursor cells in response to IL3, IL5 & GM-CSF
-parasites & allergic reaction
-respond to chemokines = CCL5/RANTES, CCL11/eotaxin-1, & CCL24/eotaxin-2 secreted by neutrophils or lymphocytes
-toxic granules to kill antibody coated pathogens

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4
Q

Describe neutrophils.

A

-neutral pink
-most numerous innate immune cell
-immature = band shaped nucleus which is segmented during maturation
-in blood
-phagocytose & degrade
-# of circulating neutrophils via ANC
>high ANC = neutrophilia (kidney failure or bacterial infection)
>low ANC = neutropenia (leukemia or bone marrow damage - increased risk of infection)

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5
Q

Describe granulocytes.

A

-express: CD16, CD34 (immature), CD11b/CD18 (activated)
-activated basophils express: CD13/Aminopeptidase N, CD107a/LAMP1 or CD164
-eosinophils express CD44, CD69, IL-5
-neutrophils express: CD16, L-selectin (CD62L)

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6
Q

Describe mast cells.

A

-made in bone marrow
-similar to basophilic leukocytes
-common progenitor
-defense against parasites
-2 types:
1. CT mast cell = allergic reaction via histamine
2. Mucosal mast cell = areas of body exposed to external environment

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7
Q

Describe monocytes/macrophages.

A

-in blood (monocytes) & tissue (macrophage)
-ingest & degrade bacteria via phagocytic receptors
-APC
-non immune function of recycling dead RBCs
-activated = immune response by notifying other cells

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8
Q

Describe NK cells.

A

-innate/adaptive immune cell
-kill virus infected or tumor cells via lytic granules that form holes in target cell = apoptosis
-cytolytic effectors
-regulators of immune response via chemokines

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9
Q

Describe dendritic cells.

A

-APC
-sentinel cell
-bone marrow derived but can mature in bone marrow, lymphoid, or non lymphoid tissue
-capture, process, present antigen to T cell
-bridge innate & adaptive immunity
-self tolerance
-mature DC go to secondary lymphoid organs = potent T cell activator
-classical/conventional DCs (cDCs)
-plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs)
>secrete type 1 interferons when activated through TLR7 & TLR9

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10
Q

Describe B lymphocytes.

A

-APCs
-mature in bone marrow
-birds = mature in bursa of fabricius
-activated when bind to antigens through BCR receptor
-generate antibodies to antigens

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11
Q

Describe the function of antibodies.

A
  1. Neutralization
    -pathogen is covered in antibodies and can’t infect host
    >blocked attachment & uncoating
    >capsid stabilization, steric & fusion interference, structural changes
  2. Opsonization
    -antibody bound pathogen alert immune cells (neutrophil & macrophage) to eat pathogen
  3. Complement activation
    -direct lysing of pathogen via hole in membrane which disturbs the osmotic pressure & water flows in = lysis
    -can act as opsonins & opsonize pathogens
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12
Q

Describe T cells.

A

-begin as thymocytes & end as lymphocytes
-from bone marrow & mature in thymus
-CD4
>Th1
>Th2
>Th17
>T regulatory cells
-CD8
>cytotoxic T cell/lymphocyte (CTLs)
>kill infected or cancer cells via cytotoxic granules with cytotoxins

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13
Q

Describe the 4 major CD4 T cell subsets.

A
  1. Th1
    -immune response against INTRAcellular pathogens
    -make cytokines that alert & activate other immune cells like macrophages
  2. Th2
    -immune response against EXTRAcellular pathogens (ex. Helminths)
    -alert B cells, granulocytes, mast cells
  3. Th17
    -produce interleukin 17
    -activates immune & non immune cells
    -protect surfaces against extracellular bacteria
    -recruit neutrophils
  4. Regulatory T cells
    -regulate activity of other T cells
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14
Q

Describe how immune cells communicate.

A

-cell to cell contact
-secreted signal molecules
-receptors & ligands needed
>receptor = protein expressed in or on a cell
>ligand = activate receptor - free float or membrane bound

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15
Q

Describe the 5 molecules involved in immune cell communication.

A
  1. Cytokines - small proteins for cell growth, activation, etc
  2. TLRs - on innate cells like macrophages & DCs
    >recognize microbial patterns
    >innate cell activation
    >inflammatory response
  3. BCRs & TCRs - recognize foreign antigens
  4. MHC proteins - carriers that present antigen on cell surfaces & signal whether a cell is host or foreign
  5. Complement (C3a, C5a) - proteins in blood
    -hole in pathogen = cell death
    -signal molecule to alert immune cells to inflammatory sites
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16
Q

Where are lymphoid cells first and then later produced?

A

1st = yolk sac, fetal omentum, & liver
2nd = bone marrow (hematopoietic organ - gives rise to all blood cells)

17
Q

Describe primary & secondary lymphoid organs.

A

-Primary = Bone marrow, thymus, bursa of fabricius (birds)
>not sites of lymphocyte interaction w antigens, only development of lymphocytes
-secondary = Spleen, lymph node, non encapsulated lymphoid tissue, peyers patch, MALT, BALT
>removal doesnt impact immune capability
>enlarge due to antigens
>DCs = trap, process antigen & present to lymphocyte to start adaptive immune response

18
Q

Describe T lymphocytes VS B lymphocytes.

A

T = bone marrow -> thymus
B = bone marrow in primates & rodents
>bursa in birds
>intestinal lymphoid tissue (nonencapsulated) in dogs, ruminants, pigs

19
Q

Describe the thymus location, structure, & function.

A

Location:
-thoracic cavity
Structure:
-lg in newborn, sm in adult = involution
-cortex = thymocytes
-medulla = lymphocytes
Function:
-mature T lymphocytes
-T lymphocytes recognize self antigen (high affinity receptors & cant bind MHC II die via neg selection)
>average affinity recognition of MHC II/Ag = pos selection -> mature T lymphocytes & populate secondary lymphoid organs
>maturation via cytokines & thymic hormones (thymosins, thymopoietins, thymulin, thymostimulins)

20
Q

Describe the bursa of fabricius location, structure, & function.

A

*involution
Location:
-before cloaca
Structure:
-follicle cortex = lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages
Function:
-mature B lymphocytes
-neg & pos selection
-differentiation of B lymphocytes

21
Q

Describe lymph nodes.

A

-filters lymph to trap antigen
-cortex = B lymphocytes in germinal center
-paracortex = T cells & DCs
-medulla = diff types of cells
-afferent lymph flows into node & carries lymphocytes, DCs, & antigens -> subscapular sinus -> medullary sinus -> efferent lymph
*FUNCTION: interaction between DC & T & B lymphocytes

22
Q

Describe the spleen.

A

-red pulp = blood filter & RBC storage
-white pulp = lymphocytes (immune induction)
-stores RBCs, platelets, recycle iron
*FUNCTION: filter blood for blood born antigen, cell debris, & aged blood

23
Q

Describe Peyer patches.

A

*involution except in rabbits & rodents that PP develops after birth
-nonencapsulated in sm intestine
-ruminants, pig, dog, rabbits = PP in ileum (primary lymphoid organ for B cell)
-M cells are APC that sample lumen of intestine
FUNCTION: same as bursa

Immuno (24 decks)

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