cells - parts of a cell Flashcards
(23 cards)
all cells have…..
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Genetic material (DNA or RNA)
prokaryotic
- no nuceleus
- no membrane-bound organelles
- binary fission
- unicellular
- cell walls (peptidoglycan)
- found in bacteria
cell organization
tissues 🡪 organs 🡪 organ systems
eukaryotic
- nucleus
- membrane-bound organelles
- mitosis
- uni/multicellular
- cell walls fungi and plants (made of chitin/cellulose)
- found in animals, plants, fungi, protists
organelles
specialized structures within the cell that work together to help the cell function
cell (plasma) membrane
- controls what goes in/out of a cell
- ALL cells
- surrounds outside of cells
- made of 2 layers (phospholipid bilayer)
- critical for communication & maintaining a stable internal environment (homeostasis)
phospholipid bilayer
- 2 layers of fats:
- fats = phospholipids: Have hydrophilic (likes water) heads and hydrophobic (dislikes water) tails
cytoskeleton
- made of thread-like fibers
- made of proteins
- gives the cell shape
- can move organelles around
- Provide structural support for animal cells (who don’t have a cell wall)
cytoplasm
Structure:
Jelly-like substance
Mainly made up of water
Job:
Holds everything in place
Provides a solution for chemical reactions to take place in
nucleus
Structure: Contains genetic material (DNA) When DNA appears spread out = chromatin When DNA condenses it forms chromosomes Surrounded by a nuclear envelope/membrane with pores that control what goes in and out
Job:
Protects the DNA that controls the activities of the cell
nucleolus
Structure
Inside of the nucleus
Job
Makes rRNA which make up ribosomes
ribosomes
Structure
Made of proteins and rRNA
Located on Rough ER and floating in cytoplasm
Job
Make proteins in a process called translation
Ribosomes on Rough ER make proteins to export out of cell
Ribosomes floating in cytoplasm make proteins to use within the cell
ROUGH ER
Structure
- Has ribosomes on surface
- Hugs the nucleus
Job
- Makes proteins!!!
- Packages them for secretion, send in vesicles to Golgi
SMOOTH ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)
Structure:
No ribosomes on surface
Attached to Rough ER
Job:
Makes lipids (membrane)
Stores Ca^+2 (trigger for many cell responses)
GOLGI APPARATUS
Structure
Folded membrane
Job
Gets vesicles of protein from the ER
Vesicles: like mini-carts that transport proteins around the cell
Processes, sorts, and ships proteins where needed
lysosomes
Structure
Contain enzymes
Job
Break down dead stuff (food, bacteria, old parts of cell, etc.)
Can do programmed cell death (apoptosis)
vacuoles
Structure:
Small and numerous in animal cells
One large central one in plant cells
Job:
Storage (water, nutrients, waste, etc.)
centriolles
- animals cells
Structure
Made of microtubules
2 centrioles together = centrosome
Job
Appear during cell division
Help cell divide by pulling chromosomes apart
cilia/flagella
Structure
Cilia: shorter, more numerous, like tiny oars
Similar projections that are short and numerous but don’t move are called microvilli
Flagella: longer, fewer (1-3)
Job
Cilia: move fluid across cell’s surface
Flagella: move entire cell through extracellular fluid
- animal & bacteria cells only
mitochondria
Structure
Two parts: inner membrane and matrix (fluid part)
Job
Where cellular respiration happens
C6H12O6 + 6O2 🡪 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)
Breaks down chemical energy in food to release usable energy in the form of ATP
chloroplast
Structure
Two parts: grana (stacks) and stroma (fluid)
Job
Where photosynthesis happens
6CO2 + 6H2O 🡪 C6H12O6 + 6O2
Converts light energy from sun 🡪 chemical energy in sugar
cell wall
Structure
Made of cellulose (in plants), chitin (in fungi), and peptidoglycan (in bacteria)
Job
Protect and maintain shape
- bacteria and fungi cells only
central vacuole
Structure
1 massive central structure
Job
Storage center
