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Biology Module 2 > Cells Structure > Flashcards

Cells Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function the cell surface membrane?

A
  • controls movement of substances in and out of the cell
  • delicates the lipid and protein membrane encasing cytoplasm
  • is the phospholipid bilayer
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2
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A
  • where genetic material is
  • it’s double stranded wrapped around histones (protein) to make chromatin
  • largest organelle
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3
Q

What are organelles?

A
  • membrane bound cell parts
  • have unique structures and functions
  • located in cytoplasm
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4
Q

What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

A
  • has holes called pores to allow template/mRNA into cytoplasm to the ribosomes
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5
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A
  • produces rRNA which combined with proteins makes ribosomes
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6
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A
  • aerobic respiration

- converts oxygen and glucose into energy (ATP)

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7
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes (80s) in plant and animal cells?

A
  • site of protein synthesis
  • made of 2 subunits made from rRNA
  • can be free floating or attached to RER
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8
Q

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Smooth ER: builds lipids and carbohydrates

Rough ER: stores proteins

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9
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A
  • takes in ‘sacs’ of raw materials from the ER

- packages and sends out sacs containing finished cell products

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10
Q

What is the function of vesicles?

A
  • tiny sacs of golgi cell membrane

- contains finished products which it then transports around the cell

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11
Q

What is the function of the lysosomes?

A
  • sac filled with digestive enzymes
  • form from vesicles
  • digest worn out parts of the cell, digest viruses
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12
Q

What is the function of the centrioles?

A
  • protein tubules that form ‘spindle’s in mitosis: pulls apart DNA
  • forms cilia and flagella
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13
Q

What is the function of cilia/flagella?

A
  • cilia shorter and more numerous
  • locomotion
  • cilia on sensory organs
  • 9+2 formation
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14
Q

What is the function of cellulose cell wall?

A
  • maintain cell shape
  • stops cell rupturing during osmosis
  • rigid shape
  • prevents pathogens
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15
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A
  • photosynthesis
  • contains chlorophyll
  • double membrane
  • stoma is the fluid inside
  • lamellae is the membrane joining the grana
  • granum is 1 stack of thylakoid disks
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16
Q

What is the function of the permeant vacuole?

A
  • contains cell sap/water
  • keeps shape
  • maintains cell turgor pressure
  • semi-permeable membrane (tonoplast)
17
Q

What are the three elements of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • microtubules
  • microfilaments
  • intermediate filaments
18
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A
  • maintain shape of cell

- movement of organelles, chromosomes during cell division and cilia/flagella

19
Q

What is the function of microfilaments?

A
  • maintain shape of cell
  • slide past myosin allowing muscle cells to contract and relax
  • pseudopodia
  • contractile ring allows cytokinesis in cell division
20
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

A
  • maintain shape and stability
  • anchors for organelles
  • movement of mRNA out of nucleus
21
Q

What is the function of the peptidoglycan cell wall?

A
  • made of sugars and amino acids (instead of cellulose)
  • rigid shape
  • maintains shape, defence mechanism
  • has peptidoglycan structure
22
Q

What is the function of the slime capsule?

A
  • very outer layer

- helps bacteria stick to surfaces e.g. urinary tract

23
Q

What is the function of the DNA loop / plasmid?

A
  • DNA in single chromosomes/no histones
  • plasmid are small loops of DNA
  • plasmid contain genes for antibiotic resistance, copied and passed to other bacteria
24
Q

How are ribosomes in bacteria different to those in eukaryotic cells?

A
  • smaller
  • 70s
  • don’t make proteins as complex
25
Q

What is the function of the flagella in a bacteria cell?

A
  • thinner
  • not in 9+2 formation
  • rotates using molecular motor and energy (ATP)
26
Q

What is the function of pilli in a bacteria cell?

A
  • smaller
  • more numerous
  • fertilisation (F-pili)
  • adhesion
27
Q

What is the function of the mesosome?

A
  • folding of plasma membrane
  • associated with DNA during cell division
  • helps with formation of new cell walls

Biology Module 2 (16 decks)

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