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Histo, Anat & Physiol > Cells & Tissues > Flashcards

Cells & Tissues Flashcards

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1
Q

Anatomy

A

Describes the STRUCTURE of the body

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2
Q

Histology

A

Microanatomy – the 4 tissues that make up the body

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3
Q

Physiology

A

Describes the FUNCTIONS of anatomical structures

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4
Q

Cytology

A

The study of cells

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5
Q

Cells

A

The smallest living units in the body. Organelles formed from complex molecules – each organelle has a specific function.

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6
Q

Tissue

A

Group of cells performing one or more specific functions.

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7
Q

Organ

A

Made of two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions.

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8
Q

Organ System

A

Group of organs interacting to perform a
function

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9
Q

Name the Organ Systems

A

Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive

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10
Q

Integumentary Major Organs

A

Skin
Hair
Sweat Glands
Nails

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11
Q

Integumentary Functions

A

Protect against environmental hazards.
Help regulate body temperature.
Provides sensory information.

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12
Q

Integumentary Diseases

A

Psoriasis
Dermatitis
Melanoma

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13
Q

Nervous Disease

A

Stroke
Vascular Dementia

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14
Q

Skeletal Major Organs

A

Bones
Cartilages
Associated ligaments
Bone marrow

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15
Q

Skeletal Diseases

A

Osteopenia
Osteoporosis

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16
Q

Skeletal Functions

A

Provides support and protection for other tissues.
Stores calcium and other minerals.
Forms blood cells.

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17
Q

Endocrine Diseases

A

Diabetes
Graves’ disease

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18
Q

Cardiovascular Diseases

A

CHD
Atherosclerosis
Thrombosis

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19
Q

Muscular Diseases

A

Sarcopenia –wasting with aging

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20
Q

Muscular Major Organs

A

Skeletal Muscles and associated tendons

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21
Q

Muscular Functions

A

Provides movement.
Provides support and protection for other tissues.
Generates heat that maintains body temperature.

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22
Q

Nervous Major Organs

A

Brain
Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nerves
Sense Organs

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23
Q

Nervous Functions

A

Directs immediate response to stimuli.
Coordinates and moderates activities of other organ systems.
Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions.

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24
Q

Endocrine Functions

A

Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems.
Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body.
Controls many structural and functional changes during development.

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25
Endocrine Major Organs
Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Pancreas Adrenal glands Gonads Endocrine tissues in other systems
26
Cardiovascular Functions
Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste product, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature.
27
Cardiovascular Major Organs
Heart Blood Blood Vessels
28
Lymphatic Major Organs
Spleen Thymus Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Tonsils
29
Lymphatic Functions
Defends against infection and disease. Returns tissue fluids to the blood stream.
30
Respiratory Major Organs
Nasal Cavities Sinuses Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs Alveoli
31
Respiratory Functions
Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs). Provides oxygen to the bloodstream. Removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream. Produces sound for communication.
32
Digestive Major Organs
Teeth Tongue Pharynx Oesophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas
33
Digestive Functions
Process and digest food. Absorbs and conserves water. Absorbs nutrients. Stores energy reserves.
34
Urinary Major Organs
Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra
35
Urinary Functions
Excretes waste product from the blood. Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced. Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination. Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH.
36
Male Reproductive Major Organs
Testes Epididymides Ductus deferentia Seminal Vesicles Prostate gland Penis Scrotum
37
Male Reproductive Functions
Produces male sex cells (sperm), seminal fluids, and hormones. Sexual intercourse.
37
Female Reproductive Functions
Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones. Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery. Provides milk to nourish newborn infant. Sexual intercourse.
38
Female Reproductive Major Organs
Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina Labia Clitoris Mammary glands
39
Lymphatic Diseases
Lymphoma
40
Respiratory Diseases
Asthma Cystic Fibrosis
41
Digestive Diseases
Ulcerative colitis Diverticulitis
42
Urinary Diseases
Kidney stones Interstitial cystitis
43
Male Reproductive Diseases
Prostate cancer
43
Female Reproductive Diseases
Endometriosis Uterine fibroids
44
Cell Theory
* Cells are the building blocks of all plants and animals * All cells come from the division of preexisting cells * Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions * Each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level
45
Homeostasis
the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment
46
Nucleus
* Largest organelle * The cell’s control center * Contains the genetic material * Programs protein synthesis within the cell
47
Endoplasmic reticulum
internal passageway
47
Extracellular fluid
a watery medium that surrounds the cell and is divided into: * Fluid within blood vessels – Blood plasma * Fluid around the cells – Interstitial fluid
47
Plasma membrane
* (cell membrane) forms a selective barrier * separates cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid * Receives signals from outside the cell and communicates these to the nucleus * Composed of: * Double lipid layer * Proteins – found within and attached to the membrane
47
How much fluid takes up a body's mass
2/3
48
Cytoplasm
(intracellular fluid) fluid filling cells cytoplasm Cytoplasm = cytosol + organelles
49
Plasma membrane lipids
* Double layer of phospholipid molecules * Hydrophilic heads— toward watery environment, both sides * Hydrophobic fatty-acid tails—inside membrane * Barrier to ions and water-soluble compounds
50
Plasma membrane proteins
* Integral proteins- within the membrane * Peripheral proteins- bound to inner or outer surface of the membrane * Control ion and fluid movement and for communications (e.g. binding to hormones)
51
The prefix glyco
refers to sugars (glucose) attached to the proteins or lipids. (Plasma Membrane)
52
Plasma membrane: Functions
* Physical isolation -Barrier separating inside of cell from the surrounding extracellular fluid * Regulates exchange with environment -Controls entry of ions and nutrients -Wastes eliminated and cellular products released * Monitors the environment -Receptors allow cell to recognize and respond to specific molecules -Chemical signals (hormones) from other cells -Affected by changes in composition, concentration, or pH of extracellular fluid composition * Structural support -Anchors cells and tissues (cell to cell attachments)
53
Diffusion
net movement of substance from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration
54
Diffusion – barrier function
* Plasma membrane acts as barrier that selectively restricts diffusion * Ion or molecule can diffuse across a plasma membrane only by: -Crossing the lipid portion of the membrane (simple diffusion) -Passing through a membrane channel (channel-mediated diffusion)
55
Mitochondria
* Often referred to as the ‘powerhouses’ of cells * Aerobic metabolism (cellular respiration) * Mitochondria use oxygen to break down food and produce ATP (energy) * ATP – unit of energy * glucose + oxygen + ADP --> carbon dioxide + water + ATP
56
Cell Types
Red Blood Cells, Fat Cells, Nerve Cells
56
Cell Differentiation
* All cells carry complete DNA instructions for all body functions * Cells specialize or differentiate * To form tissues (liver cells, fat cells, and neurons or nerve cells) * By turning off all genes not needed by that cell
57
Red Blood Cells
* Lose their nucleus and all internal organelles except haemoglobin. * Haemoglobin (a protein with an iron molecule) attaches O2 and CO2. * Blood is 45% red blood cells.
58
Fat Cells
* Adipocytes or fat cells. * Most of cell is taken up by a large drop of lipid (or fat). * All organelles pushes to edge of cell. * Provides an energy reserve, protects and insulates us.
58
Nerve Cells
* Neurons or nerve cells. * Have special processes that allow communication between parts of the body. * Receive and send signals.
59
Tissue Types
1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscular 4. Nervous
60
Epithelial Tissue
Covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways, forms glands Classed by Morphology
61
Tissue
a group of cells that carry out a specific function – cells are organised into 4 tissue types
62
Connective Tissue
Fills internal spaces, provides structural support for other tissues, transports materials within the body, stores energy reserves Classed by Morphology
63
Muscular Tissue
Specialised for contraction, includes the skeletal muscles, muscle of the heart, muscular walls of hollow organs Classed by Structure
64
Nerve Tissue
Carries information from one part of the body to another in the form of electrical impulses Classed by Structure
65
Epithelium in the GIT (gastrointestinal tract)
lining of the gut
66
Connective tissue in the GIT
attach parts of the gut to the body wall
67
Muscle in the GIT
for segmentation and peristalsis
68
Nerve Tissue in the GIT
to regulate the passage of the food/chyme/fecal matter
69
Muscle cells in the leg
contract
70
Nerve Cells in the leg
give a signal to contract
71
Connective Tissue in the leg
nourish and to hold the structure together, and the muscle is attached to bone by tendons – a special type of connective tissue
72
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Histo, Anat & Physiol (12 decks)

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