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DYS: Biology > Cells + Tissues > Flashcards

Cells + Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What produces gastric acid?

A

Parietal cell

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2
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

Gastric acid + intrinsic factor

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3
Q

Where are parietal cells

A

Fundus

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4
Q

What prevents excess acid secretion

A

2 sphincters

  • lower oesophageal sphincter (from oesophagus)
  • pyloric sphincter (from intestines)
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5
Q

Gastric Ulcer

A

Sore that develops when the lining of the stomach is damaged + underlying tissue is exposed to gastric acid
Bleeding can be caused by blood vessel damage by acid

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6
Q

What are peptic ulcers

A

Duodenal + Gastric (Stomach)

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7
Q

What is GORD

A

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease

Caused by gastric acid leaking into the oesophagus = tissue damage + pain

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8
Q

Cells that make up stomach

A

Mucous surface cells

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9
Q

Mucous cells secrete

A

Mucus

HCO3- (Bicarbonate)

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10
Q

Function of Bicarbonate

A

Neutralises gastric acid

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11
Q

Function of mucus

A

protects epithelial cells against gastric acid

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12
Q

Mucus in the stomach…

A

Do not easily mix with acid at low pH which protects secreting cells

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13
Q

What is mucus composed of?

A

Mucins (network of rod-like proteins) with sugar moieties attached

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14
Q

How many mucins are found in the human body?

A

20

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15
Q

How many mucins make up gastric mucus + what are they?

A

3
- MUC1 = connected to mucus membrane of the mucus cell
- MUC5AC
- MUC6
Both MUC5AC + MUC6 are secreted + crosslinked together

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16
Q

Protective function of gastric acid

A

Against food-borne bacteria

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17
Q

What do chief cells secrete

A

Pepsinogen

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18
Q

Where are chief cells

A

Fundus

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19
Q

What converts pepsinogen

A

Gastric acid from inactive protease to active form

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20
Q

Glycosylation

A

Post-transitional modification of amino acids with sugar moieties

21
Q

Protective stomach lining can be damaged by

A

Use of NSAIDs

Helicobacter pylori

22
Q

Where is Gastric proton pump + what does is pump

A

Apical membrane
It pumps out protons, pumps in potassium ions
maintaining electrochemical gradient

23
Q

What stimulates Gastric acid secretion

A

Gastrin
Histamine
Acetylcholine

24
Q

Where is Gastrin released

A

G cells

25
Q

Where is Histamine released

A

ECL - cells

26
Q

Where is Acetylcholine released

A

by enteric nervous system

27
Q

What inhibits acid secretion

A

Somatostatin

28
Q

Where does N-linked glycosylation occur

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

29
Q

Where does O-linked glycosylation occur

A

Golgi apparatus

30
Q

N-acetylglucosamine linked to serine is _-glycosylation

A

O-glycosylation

31
Q

N-acetylglucosamine linked to asparagine is _-glycosylation

A

N-glycosylation

32
Q

Fibroblasts synthesise…

A

large proteins and polysaccharide polymers that fill space between cells - providing rigidity + shape to organs

33
Q

How does heartburn + indigestion occur

A

When excess acid flow up the oesophagus

34
Q

Epithelium found in oesophagus

A

Stratified squamous epithelium (interspersed with mucus-secreting goblet cells for adequate protection)

35
Q

Stomach / oesophagus?

Which one provides more protection against acid?

A

Stomach - gastric epithelium

36
Q

What occurs when there is prolonged exposure to acid in oesophagus

A

Barrett’s oesophagus

- when lower part of oesophagus are replaced by mucus-secreting goblet-like cells

37
Q

Epithelium of stomach

A

Simple columnar epithelium (with mucous cells covering surface)

38
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Restrict movement of water + ions in the space between the cells

39
Q

Parietal cell in resting state

A

Proton pumps in tubulovesicles
Small surface area
Low amount of acid secreted

40
Q

Parietal cell stimulated

A

Tubulovesicles bind to apical plasma membrane

Large surface area and large no. of proton pumps

41
Q

Where is bicarbonate exchanged + what with

A

Basolateral membrane + with chloride ions

42
Q

What maintains intracellular chloride ions

A

Efflux from the cell canaliculus

43
Q

What reduces secretion or neutralises acid

A

PPIs
H2RA
Antacid

44
Q

What can restore protective function of stomach

A

Stop NSAIDs

Antibiotics : eradicate Helicobacter pylori

45
Q

What protects stomach against acid

A

Mucous surface cells
- secrete mucus layer to protect stomach lining
- bicarbonate ions to neutralise gastric acid
Tight Junctions prevent acid leaking through epithelial layer + causing underlying damage
- restricts movement of ions + water between cells

46
Q

Epithelium of oesophagus

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

  • Specialised goblet cells secrete mucus
  • less protection against acid
47
Q

Example of keratinised stratified epithelium

A

Skin

48
Q

What hydrates CO2 to produce proton + bicarbonate

A

Carbonic anhydrase

DYS: Biology (4 decks)

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