Cells & Tissues PT 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Membrane Transport
A
movement of substances into and out of the cell
2
Q
Passive Transport Process
A
No Enegery (ATP) required
3
Q
Active Transport Process
A
ATP (ENGERGY) required
4
Q
Solution
A
Homogeneous mixture of two or more compnents
5
Q
Solvent
A
dissolving medium
6
Q
Solutes
A
components in smaller quantities within a solution
7
Q
Intracellular Fluid
A
nucleoplasm and Cytosol
8
Q
Interstitial Fluid
A
fluid on the exterior of the cell
9
Q
Selective Permeability
A
Plasma membrane allows some materials to pass while excluding others
Includes movements INTO and OUT OF the CELL
10
Q
Universal Solvent
A
Water
11
Q
Diffusion
passive transport process
A
Particles tent to distribute themselves evenly within a solution
Movement is from high concentration to a low concentration (Down a concentration gradient)
12
Q
Simple diffusion (passive transport process)
A
Unassisted process
Solutes are lipid- soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores
13
Q
Osmosis
passive transport process
A
Simple Diffusion of Water
Highly Polar water easily crosses the plasma membrane
14
Q
Facilitated Diffusion (passive transport process)
A
Substances require a protein carrier for passive transport
15
Q
Filtration
Passive transport Process
A
Water and Solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydro-static pressure.
pressure gradient must exist
Solute containing fluid is pushed from a high pressure area to a lower pressure area
16
Q
Active Transport Process
A
Transport Substances that are unable to pass by diffusion
- Too Large
- Not dissoluble in fat core of membrane
- move against concentration gradient
17
Q
Solute Pumping
Active Transport form
A
- Amino acids, some sugars, ions are transported by solute pumps
- ATP energizes protein carriers, and in most cases, moves substances against concentration gradients
18
Q
Exocytosis
Bulk Transport
A
- Moves Materials out of cell
- Material carried in membranous vesicle
- Vesicle migrates to plasma membrane
- Vesicle combine with plasma membrane
- material emptied outside
19
Q
Endocytosis
A
Extracellular substances are engulfed
20
Q
Phagocystosis
A
Cell eating
21
Q
Pinocystosis
A
Cell Drinking
22
Q
pin/o
A
to drink
23
Q
phag/o
A
to eat
24
Q
Cell Life Cycle
A
The cell has 2 major periods
Interphase and Cell division
25
Interphase
- Cell Grows
| - Carries on Metabolic Processes
26
Cell Division
-Cell Replicates Itself
Function:
Production of Cells for Growth and Repair
27
DNA Replication
- Genetic Material is duplicated which readies a cell for division into 2 cells
- occurs toward the end of interphase
- DNA uncoils and each side serves as a template
28
Events of Cell Division
Mitosis
| Cytokinesis
29
Mitosis
Division of Nucleus
Results in formation of 2 daughter nuclei
30
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm
begins when mitosis is near completion and results in formation of 2 daughter cells
31
STAGES OF MITOSIS
```
Interphase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
```
32
Interpahse
| STAGE OF MITOSIS
Stage when genetic material is duplicated
33
Prophase
1st part of cell divison
Centrioles migrate into poles
34
Metaphase
Spindle fibers attache to chromosomes (at the centromere) align in the center of cell
35
Anaphase
Daughter chromosomes pull apart toward the poles
| cells beings to elongate
36
Telophase
Daughter nuclei begin forming
| A Cleavage furrow (for Cell Division) forms
37
Gene
DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein
-proteins have many functions (structural and functional)
RNA- is essential for protein synthesis
38
Protein Synthesis
Process by which amino acids are linearly arranged into proteins through the involvement of ribosomal RNA, Messenger RNA, and Transfer RNA, and Various Enzymes.
39
Transfer RNA
| tRNA
Transfers appropriate amino acids to the ribosome for building the protein)
40
Ribosomal RNA
| rRNA
Helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built
41
Messenger RNA
| mRNA
Carries the instructions for building a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome
42
Transcription
Transfer of information from DNA's base sequence to the complimentary base sequence of mRNA
43
Translation
Base sequence of nucleic acid translated to an amino acid sequence
Amino Acids are the builds blocks of proteins
44
Part of a Phospholipid molecule that "loves" water
hydrophilic
45
Part of a Phospholipid molecule that does not mix well with water
hydrophobic
46
Cellular Structures that increase surface area for absorption
microvilli
47
Tight Junction
Cells that need to be held together without "GAPS" that substances to leak through have zipper- like connections
48
Desmosomes
Button Like Spots welds that secure cells together in certain places
49
Gap Junctions
In cells like those found in the Heart, Rapid ion flow from cell to cell through tiny protein tunnels is possible because of this communication connection between cardiomyocytes
50
Free Radicals
Destructive molecules that are electron hungry
51
Antioxidants
Neutralize Free Radicals/ Destructive Molecules and stop cascade
52
Chromatin
Structures in the nucleus that carry genes
53
Chromosomes
bar-like body of tightly coiled chromatin visible during cell division
54
hyrdophilic
Water loving; tendency to mix with water
55
Hydrophobic
Water hating; tendency to rebel water
56
Microvilli
tiny projections on the free surfaces of some epithelial
Increases surface area for absorption
57
flagella
long whip like extension of the cell membrane
Serves to propel the cell
58
Cilia
tiny, hairlike projections on cell surfaces that move in wavelike manner
59
Exocytosis
cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane
60
Endocytosis
| active transport
taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole
61
endo-
within
| upon
62
cyt/o
cell
63
Genes
biological units of heredity located in chromatin transmits hereditary information
64
Codons
a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA of RNA molecule
65
Codons
a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA of RNA molecule
66
Anti Codons
Three Nucelotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA
67
Lamina Propria
thin layer of loose connective tissue or dense layer of irregular connective tissue which lies beneath the epithelium and constitutes mucosa
68
Peritoneum
Serous membrane lining interior abdominal cavity and covering surfaces of abdominal organs
69
Serous Membrane
membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to outside of the body; Serosa
(Except for joint cavities; which have a synovial membrane)
70
Pleura
Serous Membrane covering lungs and lining thoracic cavity
71
Pericardium
The membranous sac enveloping the heart
72
Benign
Not Malignant
73
Malignant
Life-Threatening; pertainsto neoplasms that spread and lead to death such as cancer
74
osteon
interconnecting canals in microscopic structure of adult compact bone; unit of bone
75
lacuna
a little depression or space; lacunae are occupied by cells
76
lamella
thin layer, membrane, scale, or plate like tissue or parte. especially in bone tissue
77
canaliculus
extremely small tubular passage or channel
78
central channel (Haversian Canals)
Run Lengthwise through bones carrying blood vessels ans nerves to all areas of the bone.
79
Perforating Canal
| Volkmann's
Small channels in the bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone and that communicate with the Haversian Canals
PROVIDE ENERGY and NOURISHNG ELEMENTS FOR OSTEONS
80
appositional growth
Growth accomplished by the addition of new layers on those previously formed.
81
pectoral Girdles
Composite of two bones, scapulaa and clavicle, that attache the upper limb to the axial skeleton also called the pectoral girdle.
82
Pelvic Girdles
is formed by two coxal bones or ossa coxae ommonly called hip bones and the sacrum. together with the coccyx the pelvic girdle forms the pelvis.
83
Synthorosis
Immovable Joint
84
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly Movable Joint
85
Diathrosis
Freely Movable Joint
86
Bursitis (BURSAE)
Inflammation of the fluid filleds pads that act as cushions at the joints
87
arthritis
inflammation of the joints
88
gout
form of arthritis; redness tenderness in joints
89
hematoma
a solid swelling of clotted blood withing tissues
90
hem/o hem/a
blood
91
fibrocartilage callus
formation of fibroblasts and chondroblasts which forms at the area of a bone fracture as the bone attempts to heal itself.
The cells eventually dissipate and become dormant,lying in resulting extracellular matrix that is the new bone
92
bony callus
body's attempt to heal a bone fracture.
93
In DNA ADENINE BINDS WITH
Thymine
94
In DNA GUANINE BINDS WITH
Cytosine
95
In RNA ADENINE BINDS WITH
Uracil
96
Transcription takes place where?
In the nucleus
97
Translation takes place where?
In the cytoplasm
