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Science Y9 > Cells to Systems > Flashcards

Cells to Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are all living organisms made up of?

A

Cells

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2
Q

What are cells?

A

The smallest living unit

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3
Q

What is the smallest living unit?

A

Cells

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4
Q

What will the 3D shape of a cell be determined by?

A

Its location in the body & its purpose/function

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5
Q

List all the the organelles of an animal cell:

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes

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6
Q

List all the organelles of a plant cell:

A

cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, vacuole, nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, ribosomes

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7
Q

What do plant cells have that animal cells don’t?

A

Cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts

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8
Q

What is the function of nuclei?

A

They contain genetic information & control activities of the cell

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9
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

A jelly-like substance where most chemical processes occur. It also contains all of the cell’s organelles

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10
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Controls movement of substances (i.e., nutrients, waste products) in and out of the cell. Also holds cell together.

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the mitochondria?

A

It coverts food energy –> chemical energy. Most energy is released by respiration by mitochondria.

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12
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

Supports and protects cell

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13
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

They contain chlorophyll which absorbs light energy. This is then converted into glucose through photosynthesis.

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14
Q

What is the purpose of vacuoles?

A

They store; water, nutrients and waste products. It is also filled with cell sap to keep cell turgid.

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15
Q

How can cells be specialised?

A

Through differentiation

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16
Q

What are specialised cells?

A

Cells adapted to perform a particular function. They may be shaped differently or have extra parts.

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17
Q

Give an example of a specialised cell|:

A

Ciliated cells, root hair cells, red blood cell, nerve cell, sperm cell

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18
Q

What are red blood cells and root hair cells examples of?

A

Specialised cells

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19
Q

Finish this flowchart: cells –>__–>__–>__–> organism

A

Cells –> tissue –> organ –> organ system –> organism

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20
Q

Finish this flowchart: muscle cell –>__–> heart –>__

A

muscle cell –> muscle tissue –> heart –> circulatory system

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21
Q

Finish this flowchart: __–>__–> brain –>

A

nerve cell –> nerve tissue –> brain –> nervous system

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22
Q

Name some organ systems:

A

Respiratory system, reproductive system, muscular skeletal system, immune system

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23
Q

Finish this flowchart: root hair cell –>__–> root –>__

A

root hair cell –> root epidermis –> root –> root system

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24
Q

Finish this flowchart: __–>__–> leaf –>__

A

Guard cells –> lower epidermis –> leaf –> shoot system

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25
Q

What is a multicellular organism?

A

An organism made of many cells

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26
Q

What is a unicellular organism?

A

An organism made of one cell

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27
Q

How does an amoeba move?

A

It uses pseudopodia

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28
Q

What does pseudopod mean?

A

‘false foot’

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29
Q

what are pseudopodia?

A

a stretching of the cytoplasm into a finger-like extension

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30
Q

How does an amoeba eat?

A

It surrounds its food and engulfs it. It is then stored and digested in the vacuole.

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31
Q

Are amoeba multicellular or unicellular organisms?

A

unicellular

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32
Q

List the parts of an amoeba:

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, contractive vacuole, food vacuole, pseudopodia, mitochondria, ribosomes

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33
Q

What are the two types of vacuole in an amoeba?

A

contractive vacuole & food vacuole

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34
Q

Define diffusion:

A

the movement of particles from a place of high concentration to low

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35
Q

What do cells need glucose and oxygen for? How do these get into the cell?

A

Respiration. Diffusion.

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36
Q

What is a waste product produced in respirations and how is this removed from the cell?

A

Carbon dioxide. Diffusion

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37
Q

How does water enter plants?

A

It diffuses, through root hair cells. It then travels from root hair cells to other cells in the plant through diffusion.

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38
Q

What substances diffuse into cells?

A

calcium, glucose, oxygen, water

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39
Q

What substances diffuse out of cells?

A

carbon dioxide, salt, toxins, urea

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40
Q

What does the respiratory system do?

A

helps humans take in oxygen and take out carbon dioxide

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41
Q

List the parts of the body in the respiratory system:

A

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm, internal intercostal muscle, external intercostal muscle

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42
Q

Define ventilation:

A

The movement of air into and out of the lungs.

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43
Q

List the process of ventilation:

A

air enters body via nose & mouth –> moves down trachea –> down a bronchus –> through a bronchiole –> into an alveolus –> oxygen diffuses into the blood

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44
Q

What are 3 adaptations of alveoli?

A

moist thin walls, rounded shape/large surface area, good blood supply

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45
Q

how does having moist, thin walls help alveoli?

A

gases can diffuse quickly and easily

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46
Q

how thick are alveoli walls?

A

one cell thick

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47
Q

how does having a rounded shape help alveoli?

A

it creates a large surface area. more molecules can diffuse at one time.

48
Q

how does having a good blood supply help alveoli?

A

many capillaries. more molecules can diffuse between blood and lungs.

49
Q

What is inspiration also known as?

A

inhalation

50
Q

What is inhalation also known as?

A

inspiration

51
Q

What is expiration also known as?

A

exhalation

52
Q

What is exhalation also known as?

A

expiration

53
Q

What is inspiration/inhalation?

A

when air pressure in the atmosphere is greater than that of the lungs, forcing air into the lungs

54
Q

what is expiration/exhalation?

A

when air pressure in the lungs is greater than that of the atmosphere, forcing air out of the lungs

55
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

a sheet of muscle which separates the thorax and abdomen

56
Q

Where are the intercostal muscles situated?

A

they lie in between the ribs

57
Q

What happens when the internal intercostal muscles contract?

A

expiration/exhalation

58
Q

What happens when the external intercostal muscles contract?

A

inspiration/inhalation

59
Q

In inspiration/inhalation, do the external intercostal muscles contract or relax?

A

they contract and pull the ribs up and out

60
Q

In inspiration/inhalation, do the internal intercostal muscles contract or relax?

A

they are relaxed

61
Q

In expiration/exhalation, do the external intercostal muscles contract or relax?

A

relax - rib cage moves down

62
Q

In expiration/exhalation, do the internal intercostal muscles contract or relax?

A

contract - move ribs down, decreasing volume of thorax

63
Q

In expiration/exhalation, does the diaphragm contract or relax?

A

relaxes - elasticity returns it to domed position

64
Q

In inspiration/inhalation, does the diaphragm contract or relax?

A

contracts - moves down from domed position

65
Q

In inspiration/inhalation, does the air pressure in lungs increase or decrease?

A

decreases

66
Q

In expiration/exhalation, does the air pressure in lungs increase or decrease?

A

increases

67
Q

In expiration/exhalation, does the lung volume increase or decrease?

A

decrease

68
Q

In inspiration/inhalation, does the lung volume increase or decrease?

A

increase

69
Q

what is used to measure lung volume?

A

a spirometer

70
Q

what is lung volume?

A

the amount of air taken into the lungs in 1 breath

71
Q

what % of the world population has asthma?

A

10%

72
Q

how many deaths are caused by asthma, in the UK, each year?

A

2000 deaths

73
Q

what is asthma stimulated by?

A

pets, pollution, cold air etc…

74
Q

why does having asthma make breathing more difficult?

A

the muscles surrounding bronchioles and bronchi contract, constricting airways

75
Q

what are the symptoms of asthma?

A

difficulty breathing (constriction of bronchi & bronchioles), wheezing (air passing through constricted bronchi & bronchioles), tight feeling in chest (cannot ventilate lungs adequately), coughing (reflex response to obstructed airways)

76
Q

what can increase the strength of the intercostal muscles?

A

exercise

77
Q

how does exercise help the respiratory system?

A

can increase the strength of the intercostal muscles (making the chest expand more when breathing), increases number & size of capillaries which surround alveoli

78
Q

what is a drug?

A

a chemical which affects the physiological state of the body

79
Q

what organ system do many drugs alter?

A

the central nervous system

80
Q

name some drugs:

A

MDMA, LSD, morphine, steroids, psilocybin, ayahuasca, DMT, paracetamol, caffeine, opium

81
Q

what 8 categories can drugs be split into?

A

(1&2) illegal or legal, (3&4) medicinal or recreational, (5&6) painkillers or hallucinogens, (7&8) stimulants or depressants

82
Q

Why are recreational drugs taken?

A

People enjoy the effects

83
Q

Are some drugs considered to be more harmful than others?

A

Yes - e.g., alcohol is common & legal, ecstasy is illegal

84
Q

define a stimulant:

A

a drug that makes one’s heart beat faster

85
Q

define a depressant:

A

a drug that slows down reactions

86
Q

define recreational drugs:

A

drugs taken for pleasure

87
Q

define medicines:

A

drugs that help people suffering from pain/disease

88
Q

What are the effects of too much alcohol?

A

loss of memory, fits, ulcers, poor control of diabetes, hallucinations, dementia, loss of muscle, risk of chest infection, swollen liver, hepatitis, enlarged heart, high blood pressure, gastritis, pancreatitis, vomiting blood, tingling nerves, numbness, trembling hands, higher risk of STI & HIV/AIDS, impotence and infertility

89
Q

What does alcohol do?

A

slows reaction time & has an effect on the central nervous system. it causes loss of self control and even comas

90
Q

Is alcohol a legal or illegal drug?

A

legal

91
Q

Is heroin a legal or illegal drug?

A

illegal

92
Q

Is cocaine a legal or illegal drug?

A

illegal

93
Q

Is cannabis a legal or illegal drug?

A

illegal

94
Q

Is tobacco a legal or illegal drug?

A

legal

95
Q

what are ribosomes?

A

tiny organelles where protein photosynthesis occurs

96
Q

what is a tissue?

A

a group of cells with a similar structure and function, which all work together to do a particular job.

97
Q

what is an organ?

A

a group of different tissues, which all work together to do a particular job

98
Q

what is an organ system?

A

a group of different organs, which all work together to do a particular job

99
Q

name the main parts of a bacterial cell:

A

flagellum (not always present), chromosomal dna, plasmid dna, cell membrane, cell wall

100
Q

What type of unicellular organisms are amoeba?

A

protozoa

101
Q

name the parts of a euglena:

A

flagellum, stigma, chloroplast, pellicle, reservoir, nucleus, contractile vacuole

102
Q

give some examples of adaptations of euglena:

A

some have adapted vesicles, which prevent them from drying out; it also has a mechanism which helps it detect low moisture areas.

103
Q

is alcohol a depressant or stimulant?

A

a central nervous system depressant

104
Q

how long does it take the body to process 1 unit of alcohol?

A

1 hour

105
Q

what are other names for heroin?

A

smack, diamorphine

106
Q

is heroin a depressant or stimulant?

A

depressant

107
Q

what are some effects of heroin?

A

slowed bodily functions, prevents physical/emotional pain, too large a dose can result in a coma or death, can lead to tissue infections (i.e. gangrene), can stop cough reflex, sharing needles can lead to HIV/AIDS

108
Q

what are some effects of cocaine?

A

can make you high, increase in confidence/energy, paranoia, anxiety, panic, depression, tiredness, it is highly addictive, respiratory problems, heart failure

109
Q

what are other names for cannabis?

A

weed, skunk, marijuana

110
Q

is cannabis a depressant or stimulant?

A

stimulant

111
Q

is cannabis a depressant or stimulant?

A

stimulant

112
Q

what are some effects of cannabis?

A

can relax, make you high, anxiety attacks, paranoia, temporary confusion & delusion, can trigger long-term mental health issues, lung disease, lung & throat cancer, loss of motivation

113
Q

is tobacco a depressant or stimulant?

A

Nicotine (in tobacco) acts as both a stimulant and a depressant to the central nervous system

114
Q

what are some effects of tobacco?

A

contains nicotine - highly addictive. can relax, reduce hunger, speeds heart rate, increases blood pressure, lung & throat cancer, asthma, sickness, dizziness

115
Q

how long does it take for nicotine to reach the brain?

A

8 seconds

Science Y9 (7 decks)

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