Cellular Adaptation Flashcards
Atrophy
A decrease or shrinkage in the size of cells
Hypertrophy
A increase in the size of cells
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells
Metaplasia
The reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another
Dysplasia
Abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells
Causes of Free Radical Formation
Absorption of extreme energy sources
-the absorption is ionizing radiation from x-rays or ultraviolet radiation breaks apart molecules and liberating free radicals
Normal metabolic process
Inflammation
Enzymatic metabolism of chemicals and drugs
Effects of Free Radicals
High levels-causes “oxidative stress” and cell injury
Free radicals try to donate the unpaired electron to a stable molecule or steal one
High levels causes injury and DNA damage
Coagulative Necrosis
Caused by protein denaturation
Occurs with hypoxic injury to kidneys, heart, adrenal glands
Liquefactive Necrosis
Tissue becomes soft and liquefies
Occurs with hypoxic injury to brain tissue and bacterial infections
Caseous Necrosis
Combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis caused by by tb
Primarily occurs in lungs
Fat necrosis
Caused by release of ligases
Most commonly occurs in breast, liver, pancreas
Gangrene
Death of tissues from severe hypoxic injury
Gas gangrene
Occurs with anaerobic bacterial infections
Apoptosis
A process where the cell turns on internal mechanisms to initiate self-destruction. Commonly referred to as “programmed cell death” or “cell suicide”
Mechanisms of Apoptosis
Signals from extracellular and intracellular sources stimulate the mechanisms for apoptosis
Nucleus condenses and cell shrinks
Activation of intracellular enzymes
Apoptotic bodies are ingested by neighboring cells and phagocytes and/or apoptotic bodies degenerate
