Cellular Adaptation and Cell Necrosis

Question 1

Atrophy

Answer 1

Decrease in the size of a tissue, organ, or the entire body.

Question 2

Hypertrophy

Answer 2

An increase in the size of tissues or organs due to enlargement of individual cells.

Question 3

Hyperplasia

Answer 3

An adaptive increase in the number of cells that can cause enlargement of tissues or organs.

Question 4

Give an example of when hypertrophy and hyperplasia might be see together.

Answer 4

During pregnancy when the uterus expands to make room for as well as support the growing fetus.

Question 5

Metaplasia

Answer 5

An adaptive change of one cell type to another to suit the environment.

Question 6

Dysplasia

Answer 6

Disordered growth of tissues resulting from chronic irritation or infection.

Question 7

Anaplasia

Answer 7

Undifferentiated and uncontrolled growth of cells…. The hallmark of malignant transformation.

Question 8

What are four other names for anaplasia?

Answer 8

Malignancy, Cancer, Carcinoma, Neoplam

Question 9

What are the five microscopic hallmarks of anaplasia?

Answer 9

1. Cells and nuclei display marked cellular pleomorphism
2. Nuclei are irregular and hyperchromatic
3. Extremely high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio
4. Large nucleoli present in the nucleus
5. Large numbers of abnormal mitotic figures

Question 10

Hydropic degeneration

Answer 10

Cellular swelling due to increased influx of water into the cytoplasm and mitochondria from altered permeability of the plasma membrane.

Question 11

Pyknosis

Answer 11

Condensation of the chromatin

Question 12

Karyorrhexis

Answer 12

Fragmentation of the nucleus into small particles

Question 13

Karyolysis

Answer 13

Involves dissolution of the nucleus and lysis of chromatin by enzymes

Question 14

What are the four types of necrosis?

Answer 14

Coagulative, Liquefactive, Caseous, and Fat

Question 15

Which type of necrosis is the most common?

Answer 15

Coagulative

Question 16

Describe coagulative necrosis

Answer 16

Occurs when cell proteins are altered similar to cooking an egg. Histologically cell outlines preserved and cytoplasm appears finely granular.

Question 17

Describe liquefactive necrosis

Answer 17

Process by which dead cells liquify under the influence of certain cell enzymes. Tissue becomes soft and gel like

Question 18

Describe caseous necrosis

Answer 18

Form of coagulative necrosis in which thick yellowish, cheesy substance forms.

Question 19

Define Ghon Complex

Answer 19

Lung granulomas which contain caseous necrosis typically found in tuberculosis.

Question 20

Describe fat necrosis

Answer 20

Specialized form of liquefaction necrosis caused by lipolytic enzymes. Limited to fat tissue usually aroung the pancreas.

Question 21

Describe wet gangrene

Answer 21

Bacterial infection of coagulated tissue that leads to inflammation and secondary liquefaction

Question 22

Describe dry gangrene

Answer 22

If necrotic tissue dries out but bacterial infection of coagulated tissue still occurs the tissue becomes black and mummified

Question 23

Dystrophic calcifications

Answer 23

Refers to the macroscopic deposition of calcium in injured or dead tissues as a result of necrotic tissue that attracts calcium salts and undergoes calcification

Question 24

Define metastatic calcification

Answer 24

Deranged calcium metabolism (not cell injury) usually associated with increased serum calcium levels, leading to deposition of calcium in other locations