Cellular Adaptation and Cell Necrosis

Question 1

Name the 6 types of cell adaptation

Answer 1

1. Atrophy
2. Hypertrophy
3. Hyperplasia
4. Metaplasia
5. Dysplasia
6. Anaplasia

Question 2

Decrease in the size of tissue, organ or entire body

Answer 2

atrophy

Question 3

Name 3 examples of physiologic atrophy

Answer 3

1. Thymus undergoing involution
2. Ovaries, uterus and breasts after menopause
   3 Elderly bones and muscles

Question 4

Name 3 examples of pathologic atrophy

Answer 4

1. Kidneys involved with atherosclerosis
2. Testicular atrophy
3. Alzheimer Dementia *

Question 5

Name the example for physiologic hypertrophy

Answer 5

enlargement of skeletal muscles in body builders

Question 6

Name 2 examples of pathologic hypertrophy

Answer 6

1. Hypertrophy of the heart that occurs as an adation to increased workload
2. Concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle seen with hypertension (*Banana septum)

Question 7

Increase in the # of cells

Answer 7

hyperplasia

Question 8

2 Examples of hyperplasia

Answer 8

1. Endometrial hyperplasia due to estrogens

2. Hyperplastic polyps of the colon or stomach

Question 9

2 Examples of hyperplasia and hypertrophy

Answer 9

1. Uterine smooth muscle cells during pregnancy

2. Hyperplastic prostate (BPH) increases in size & # of glands and stroma

Question 10

Adaptive change of one cell type for another to suit environment

Answer 10

Metaplasia

Question 11

Metaplasia (2)

Answer 11

• Reversible

- May progress to dysplasia

Question 12

2 examples of metaplasia

Answer 12

1. Squamous metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium due to smoking (normal are ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium)
2. Gastric or glandular metaplasia of GE junction in Barrett esophagus

Question 13

Disordered growth of tissues resulting from chronic irritation or infection

Answer 13

Dysplasia

*precancerous

Question 14

Best example of dysplasia

Answer 14

1. Detection of cervical dysplasia -> cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

Question 15

Undifferentiated and uncontrolled growth of cells (malignant)

Answer 15

Anaplasia

Question 16

Examples of Anaplasia

Answer 16

1. Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix
2. Cancer of the lung
3. Malignant melanoma
4. Renal cell carcinoma

Question 17

Name 5 microscopic hallmarks of anaplasia

Answer 17

1. Variation in cell size and shape (marked pleomorphism)
2. Nuclei are irregular and hyperchromatic
3. Nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio (ex. 1:1 instead of 1:4)
4. Large nuclei present within nucleus
5. Large # of abnormal mitotic figures

Question 18

Death of cells in a living organism (with inflammation)

Answer 18

Necrosis

Question 19

Death of cells in a dead organism

Answer 19

Autolysis

Question 20

Name the 4 types of necrosis

Answer 20

1. Coagulative
2. Liquefactive
3. Caseous
4. Fat

Question 21

Which type of necrosis is most common

Answer 21

coagulative

Question 22

histologically cell outlines are preserved and cytoplasm appears granular

Answer 22

coagulative necrosis

-solid organs (kidney, heart, liver, spleen)

Question 23

What is the cause, most often, of coagulative necrosis

Answer 23

anoxia

Question 24

Dead cells liquiy under influence of certain enzymes and tissue becomes soft and gel-like

Answer 24

liquefactive necrosis

Question 25

Name 2 examples of liquifactive necrosis

Answer 25

1. Brain infarction, usually soft ultimately transformed into a fluid-filled cavity 2. Some bacterial infections in which a cavity develops (lung abcess)

Question 26

Form of coagulative necrosis in which a thick, yellowish, cheesy substance forms

Answer 26

Caseous necrosis

Question 27

Example of caseous necrosis

Answer 27

Tuberculosis (or histoplasmosis) | -lung granulomas with caseous necrosis inside= Ghon complex

Question 28

Special form of liquefaction necrosis caused by lipolytic enzymes

Answer 28

Fat necrosis

Question 29

Example of fat necrosis

Answer 29

Fat tissue around pancreas - soap forms from free fatty acids and calcium

Question 30

Necrotic tissue provides good medium for bacteria which leads to inflammation and secondary liquefaction

Answer 30

Wet gangrene

Question 31

Example of wet gangrene

Answer 31

advanced decubitus ulcer

Question 32

Necrotic tissue dries out and becomes black and mummified

Answer 32

Dry gangrene

Question 33

When is it common to see gangrene?

Answer 33

Infarction of the intestines or in a limb due to atherosclerosis or diabetes

Question 34

What are the extracellular calcium depositions called which necrotic tissue attracts?

Answer 34

Dystrophic calcifications

Question 35

Name the 4 examples where you might find dystrophic calcifications

Answer 35

1. Atherosclerotic coronary arteriosis 2. Mitral or aortic valves leading to inpeded flow (stenosis) 3. Calcifications around breast cancers seen with mammogram 4. Infant periventricular calcifications seen in congenital toxoplasmosis

Question 36

Deranged calcium metabolism (not cell injury) seen with increased serum calcium levels leading to calcium deposition in locations around the body

Answer 36

Metastatic calcifications

Question 37

Name 5 examples of metastatic calcifications

Answer 37

1. Hyperparathyroidism 2. Vitamin D toxicity 3. Chronic Renal Failure 4. Calcium stones in gallbladder 5. Calcium stones in kidney

Question 38

What is the most common type of kidney stone?

Answer 38

Calcium oxalate