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PATHO FINAL-CH 4/5 = 3 Q'S EACH > CELLULAR ADAPTATION--CH 4 = 3 Q'S > Flashcards

CELLULAR ADAPTATION--CH 4 = 3 Q'S Flashcards

1
Q

ATROPHY
Atrophy of cell:
__________–in the size of the cell by loss of cell substance = _________ in metabolic and functional activity.
Atrophy of organ:
DECREASE in the size of organ due to a DECREASE either in the size of its cells or the number of its cells.
Mechanism:
-Adaptive response to __________ body requirement for the function of a certain cell or tissue.
-It occurs in both physiologic & pathologic
conditions

A

DECREASE
DECREASE
DECREASE

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2
Q

Pathogenesis OF ATROPHY
____________- in amount of cytoplasm
_____________- in number of cytoplasmic organelles
- Marked _________ in number of autophagic vacuoles where cytoplasmic organelles are degraded by lysosomal enzymes.
-Resistant debris accumulate in cytoplasm e.g.
lipofuscin

A

DECREASE
DECREASE
INCREASE

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3
Q

Physiological Atrophy:

  1. Umbilical vessels & ductus arteriosus
  2. Thymus after puberty
  3. Ovaries, uterus & breast after menopause
  4. Testicular atrophy in elderly men
  5. Reduction in muscle mass in the elderly
A

KNOW THESE

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4
Q

Pathological Atrophy:
1-__________ function (disuse atrophy)
e.g. skeletal muscles & bones in immobilized
fractured limb (prolonged cases osteoporosis)
2-loss of innervation (_________ atrophy)
3- Loss of blood supply (_______ atrophy)
= hypoxia e.g. epidermal atrophy is seen in lower limbs in varicose vein patients. Also, _______ atrophy due to atherosclerosis (chronic ischemic heart disease)

A

DECREASE

denervation

ischemic

heart

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5
Q

Pathological Atrophy:
4- Pressure atrophy = hypoxia e.g. atrophy of skin and
subcutaneous tissue over sacrum in patients
staying in bed for long time or atrophy of blood
vessels due to a mass or tumor
5- Loss of endocrine stimulation:
-_________ estrogen secretion atrophy of
endometrium, vagina & breast (menopause)
-_________ secretion of pituitary trophic hormones
atrophy of thyroid, adrenal & gonads
- high doses of __________(cancer treatment) =
atrophy of adrenal glands

A

DECREASED
DECREASED
corticosteroids

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6
Q 
Pathological Atrophy:
6- Lack of nutrition (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ atrophy)
atrophy of adipose tissue, pancreas (muscles if severe)
7- \_\_\_\_\_\_ -\_\_\_\_ atrophy:
e.g. corticosteroids applied topically skin
atrophy (disfiguring)
8- Aging:
e.g. \_\_\_\_\_\_ atrophy in senile dementia
A

nutritional

Hormone-induced

brain

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7
Q

Atrophy muscle fiber, microscopic
The number of cells is the same as before the atrophy occurred, but the size of some fibers is reduced. This is a response to injury by “________” to conserve the cell.

A

downsizing

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8
Q

HYPERTROPHY
Definition:
INCREASE size of a tissue or organ due to________ size of individual cells
Mechanism:
Adaptive response to __________functional demand of tissues made up of permanent cells (i.e. cannot divide)

A

INCREASE

INCREASE

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9
Q 
Pathogenesis of HYPERTROPHY
- amount of cytoplasm
- number of cytoplasmic organelles e.g.
Myofilaments in muscle fibers and synthetic
apparatus in secretory cells.
A

INCREASE

INCREASE

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10
Q

Pathogenesis of HYPERTROPHY
____________- amount of cytoplasm
____________- number of cytoplasmic organelles
e.g. Myofilaments in muscle fibers and synthetic
apparatus in secretory cells.

A

INCREASE

INCREASE

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11
Q

PATHOLOGICAL Hypertophy:
___________ - functional demand e.g. left ventricle in hypertensive patients.
________- Hormonal stimulation e.g. acromegaly due to secretion of growth hormone.

PHYSIOLOGICAL hypertrophy:
__________- functional demand e.g. striated muscles in
muscle builders
- Hormonal stimulation e.g. uterine muscle
(myometrial smooth muscle) during pregnancy

A

INCREASE
INCREASE
INCREASE

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12
Q

HYPERPLASIA
Definition:
___________ - size of an organ or tissue as a result of _________ number of component cells.
Mechanism:
Adaptive response to INCREASE functional demand of tissue made up of labile or stable cells (can divide) as:
hematopoietic, epithelial, or connective tissue cells.
Cardiac, Nerve, & Skeletal muscle cells have little or
no ability to become hyperplastic.

A

INCREASE

INCREASE

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13
Q

PHYSIOLOGIC Hyperplasia:

  1. ___________e.g. epithelium of female breast at
    puberty & endometrial proliferation with normal
    menstrual cycle.
  2. ___________e.g. liver cells following
    partial hepatectomy (mitotic activity starts in 12
    hours, eventually restoring its normal weight)
A

Hormonal

Compensatory

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14
Q

Pathological Hyperplasia:

  1. Endometrium— due to excessive ______
    stimulation (abnormal menstrual bleeding)
  2. Adrenal glands— due to INCREASED secretion of _____
A

estrogen

ACTH

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15
Q

Hyperplasia

  1. Known stimulus
  2. __________ (i.e. responds to regular growth control)
  3. Cells look normal

Neoplasia

  1. ____________ (i.e. unlimited cell proliferation)
  2. Abnormal in malignant
  3. May occur without known stimulus
A

Reversible

Irreversible

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16
Q

___________:Definition:Replacement of one adult mature cell type
(epithelial or mesenchymal) by another cell type.
Mechanism:
Adaptive replacement of cells that are sensitive
to stress by more resistant ones (reversible
change)

A

METAPLASIA

17
Q

Metaplasia in epithelial tissue:
- Squamous metaplasia: replacement of the
normal columnar ________ epithelium of the
respiratory tract&raquo_space;»>__________ squamous epithelium
in smokers
- Glandular metaplasia: replacement of the normal stratified squamous epithelium of esophagus»»»> mucous-secreting epithelium in reflux esophagitis (_______ hernia)

A

ciliated
stratified
hiatal

18
Q

_______________ hernia— is characterized by herniation of a portion of the gastric fundus alongside the esophagus through a defect in the diaphragmatic connective tissue membrane that defines the esophageal hiatus.

A

Paraesophageal

19
Q

__________ esophagus:
The white squamous mucosa of the proximal esophagus (top) is contrasted with the columnar lining of the
distal Barrett esophagus (bottom).

A

Barrett

20
Q

Examples of metaplasia in mesenchymal tissue:
- _________ metaplasia in scars & areas of muscle
trauma
-__________ deposition in atheromas & bronchial
cartilage

A

Osseous

Calcium

21
Q

__________:Definition: Abnormality in maturation & differentiation of epithelium (premalignant condition)
Causes:
- Prolonged irritation e.g. smoking
- Prolonged inflammation
- Exposure to carcinogenics
Ex. Pap smear detects dysplasia in the cervix

A

DYSPLASIA

22
Q

Pathological features of DYSPLASIA
1-____________ rate of cellular multiplication: numerous
mitotic figures = increased epithelial bulk
2- Loss of uniformity of cells i.e. pleomorphism
3- Loss of epithelial polarity i.e. squamous epithelium may not show the normal differentiation from basal cells
4- Nucleus:
= INCREASE size
= INCREASE chromatin content
= Abnormal chromatin (coarse & clumped)

A

INCREASED

23
Q

PATHOLOGICAL CALCIFICATION
Definition:Abnormal deposition of calcium salts in soft
tissues
Pathological features:
N.E.: - Fine white granules or clumps
Micro: -Initiation of intracellular calcification occurs in
the __________ of dead or dying cells
-Basophilic, granular, amorphous material.
- Progressive deposition of several layers lamellated appearance (psammoma bodies)intracellular or
extracellular or both

A

mitochondria

24
Q 
Types of PATHOLOGICAL CALCIFICATION
- Dystrophic calcification:
- Deposition of calcium salts in \_\_\_\_\_ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
tissue (Normalserum calcium level)
- Examples:
- atherosclerosis
- necrotic tissue
- heart valves in rheumatic fever
A

dead or dying

25
Q
  • Metastatic calcification:
  • Deposition of calcium salts in normal tissue where there is ____________
  • Causes:
  • Hyperparathyroidism
  • Vitamin D intoxication
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Bone tumors
A

hypercalcemia

Calcium is more likely to be deposited in tissues
that are damaged.

26
Q

___________ (aplasia): failure of development of an
organ or structure within it.

__________: failure of the development of a lumen in a
normally tubular structure.

__________: failure of an organ to attain its normal
size

A

Agenesis

Atresia

Hypoplasia

27
Q

_____________ (dysgenesis): failure of normal
organ differentiation or persistence of primitive
embryological structures.

_________ (heterotopia): development of mature tissue
in an inappropriate site.

A

Maldifferentiation

Ectopia

PATHO FINAL-CH 4/5 = 3 Q'S EACH (2 decks)

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