Cellular anatomy

Question 1

Microtubules size

Answer 1

25 Nm wide

Question 2

Intermediate filament size

Answer 2

8-12 Nm wide

Question 3

function of microtubules

Answer 3

Coils of tubulin, resists compression, provide motility of whole cell,

Question 4

Function of intermediate filaments

Answer 4

Various protein cables, maintain shape, anchor organelles, form nuclear lamina

Question 5

Microfilaments size

Answer 5

7m

Question 6

Microfilaments function

Answer 6

Double chain of protein actin
Resists tension
Network in 3D - makes cytoplasm gel like
Support movement

Question 7

Tight junctions function

Answer 7

Prevents fluid movement, acts as seal

Question 8

Desmosomes

Answer 8

Anchors cells together

Question 9

Gap junctions

Answer 9

Where cells cytoplasms touch, Allows for intercellular communication

Question 10

what makes up the ECM

Answer 10

Mostly water as well as some proteins such as glycoproteins

Question 11

Function of ECM

Answer 11

Structural support, cell adhesion, cell signalling, forms a proteoglycan matrix

Question 12

Function of proteoglycan matrix

Answer 12

traps water, resists compression, retains shape

Question 13

Components of ECM

Answer 13

Collagen - needs vitamin C, Fibronectins attach to ECM physically
Integrins allow the ECm and cytoskeleton to communicate

Question 14

Nucleus size

Answer 14

5-10 microns

Question 15

Function of nucleus

Answer 15

Storage of cells genetic info and control centre, contains rRNA to make ribosomes

Question 16

what is the nuclear laminar

Answer 16

Lines the inner surface of nuclear envelope

Question 17

nuclear laminar function

Answer 17

Network of intermediate filaments
Helps maintain shape of nucleus and organise DNA

Question 18

Nuclear pore function

Answer 18

Holes in Nuclear envelope which allows transport in and out of nucleus. mRNA, tRNA and ribosomal subunits move out, control signals move in, filaments on cytoplasm side, basket on nucleus side

Question 19

Size of DNA helix

Answer 19

2 Nm

Question 20

Size of nucleosome

Answer 20

10nm

Question 21

Size of H1 coiled fibre

Answer 21

30nm

Question 22

size of thick fibre

Answer 22

300nm

Question 23

Heterochromatin

Answer 23

More tightly packed, not genetically active

Question 24

Euchromatin

Answer 24

Less tightly packed, more genetically active

Question 25

Light microscope

Answer 25

Used to look at whole cells in colour

Question 26

Transmission electron microscope

Answer 26

Bigger magnification, intramolecular organelles in black and white,

Question 27

Scanning electron microscope

Answer 27

like TEM but 3D

Question 28

Carbohydrates

Answer 28

Provide energy and give structural support

Question 29

Proteins

Answer 29

Enzymes , structural roles, transport , defense, and signaling

Question 30

Lipids

Answer 30

Long-term energy storage, signalling, structure

Question 31

Nucleic Acids

Answer 31

Store and transmit genetic information, and help with protein synthesis.

Question 32

Endomembrane system

Answer 32

Nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane

Question 33

sER

Answer 33

Metabolism of carbohydrates Lipid synthesis for membranes Detoxification of drugs and poisons Strorage of calcium ions The amount of sER can be increased or decreased on demand

Question 34

rER

Answer 34

Protein synthesis synthesis of cytoplasmic proteins occurs on free ribosomes

Question 35

Golgi complex

Answer 35

Receives, modifies, sorts and ships proteins arriving from rER Has polarity: arrive at cis, leave at trans Glycolysation, addition of carbs to proteins

Question 36

Constitutive exocytosis

Answer 36

releases extracellular matrix proteins

Question 37

Regulated exocytosis

Answer 37

Releases hormones and neurotransmitters

Question 38

Receptor mediated endocytosis

Answer 38

Allows the cell to take up bulk quantities of specific substances which may be present at only low concentrations in extracellular fluid

Question 39

what are Lysosomes made by

Answer 39

Made by rER and golgi complex

Question 40

What pH is the inside of the lysosome

Answer 40

Acidic

Question 41

Function of lysosomes

Answer 41

Degrade proteins, lipids, carbs and nuclear acids and release breakdown products into the cell

Question 42

Autophagy

Answer 42

Lysosomes digest and recycle unwanted cellular materials

Question 43

Nucleolus

Answer 43

Non membrane bound, Makes ribosomal RNA and ribosomal subunits