cellular biology

Question 1

name the 10 different organelles in an animal cell

Answer 1

nucleus, mitochondria, golgi apperatus, rough ER, smooth ER, lysosomes, ribosomes, plasma membrane, centrioles, cytosol

Question 2

name the 12 different organelles in plant cells

Answer 2

nucleus, mitochondria, golgi apperatus, smooth ER, rough ER, centrioles, chloroplasts, cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosomes, vacuole, cytosol,

Question 3

what is the function of plasma membrane

Answer 3

it controls what goes in and out of the cell (diffusion, osmosis), it is selectively permeable, plays a key role in cellular homeostasis, holds the cell together, allows the cell to communicate with other cells

Question 4

what is the function of the nucleus

Answer 4

controls what happens inside the cell, it holds genetic information, site of rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly

Question 5

what cells do not have a nucleus

Answer 5

red blood cells and phloem sieve tubes

Question 6

what is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 6

to transport and collect proteins and other substances

Question 7

what is the function of the RER

Answer 7

production and packaging of proteins

Question 8

what is the unction of the SER

Answer 8

site of lipid and steroid synthesis

Question 9

what is the nucleus

Answer 9

it is the largest organelle in the cell (10um diameter), it is connected to the ER, it is surrounded by a nuclear membrane that has pores allowing materials to pass through

Question 10

what is the ER

Answer 10

a complex system of double membranes, fluid-filled spaces between the membranes is called cisternae

Question 11

what is the golgi apperatus

Answer 11

it sends substances out of the cell, it directs proteins made in the ER to the correct cellular compartment or to the plasma membrane

Question 12

what are the functions of the golgi apperatus

Answer 12

• assembling glycoproteins
• production of digestive enzymes
• formation of lysosomes
• transporting and storing lipids

Question 13

what are lysosomes

Answer 13

small vacuoles formed in the golgi that contain enzymes that digest materials

Question 14

what is the function of lysosomes

Answer 14

release enzymes that destroy worn-out organelles; phagocytosis, they can also cause the cell to self distruct

Question 15

what is a mitochondrion

Answer 15

it has two membranes, it has its own DNA

Question 16

what is the function of mitochondria

Answer 16

it is the site of ATP synthesis (adenosine triphosphate)

Question 17

what are ribosomes

Answer 17

are manufactured in the nucleus, they are small and dense, they may be attached to the RER

Question 18

what is the function of ribosomes

Answer 18

they are responsible for protein synthesis

Question 19

what is a polysome

Answer 19

lots of ribosomes attached to on mRNA strand

Question 20

what are centrioles

Answer 20

two short bundles of microtubules

Question 21

what is the function of centrioles

Answer 21

they assist with the movement of chromosomes in cellular division

Question 22

what are chloroplasts

Answer 22

they are only found in plant cells, they contain stacks of thylakoids, they have a large surface area

Question 23

what is the function of chloroplasts

Answer 23

site of photosynthesis

Question 24

who discovered cells

Answer 24

robert hooke

Question 25

what are prokaryotic cells

Answer 25

- no nucleus (nucleoid) - first organisms to evolve on earth - found everywhere - no internal compartmentalization - no organelles (except 70s ribosomes)

Question 26

name the 8 parts of a prokaryotic cell

Answer 26

nucleoid, 70s ribosomes, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, capsule, flagellum, pili

Question 27

how do prokaryotes reproduce

Answer 27

binary fission

Question 28

name different types of stem cells

Answer 28

- totipotent, can differentiate into any type of cell - pluripotent, can differentiate into any type of body cell - multipotent, can differentiate into a few related types of body cells - unipotent, can only differentiate into their associated cell type

Question 29

define endocytosis

Answer 29

the process of materials entering the cell

Question 30

define exocytosis

Answer 30

the process of materials exiting the cell, ejection of waste products

Question 31

what does amphipathic mean

Answer 31

is something that is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic

Question 32

name the different parts of a phospholipid bilayer

Answer 32

phospholipids, intergal proteins (carrier proteins, channel proteins), peripheral proteins, cholesterol, glycoprotein,

Question 33

what is the function of integral proteins

Answer 33

they are permanently embedded in the membrane, they help transport molecules, site for chemical reactions, pumps for active transport

Question 34

what is the function of glycoproteins

Answer 34

improtant for cell to cell recognition and adhesion, act as receptors for other molecules, combine with cholesterol to make chemical receptors

Question 35

what is the function of peripheral proteins

Answer 35

are not permanently embedded in the membrane, act as receptors and recognise other cells

Question 36

what is the function of cholesterol

Answer 36

it effects membrane fluidity

Question 37

what is the function of glycolipid

Answer 37

it is a phospholipid and carbohydrate attached together

Question 38

importance of channel proteins

Answer 38

they carry molecules and other substances through the plasma membrane using passive transport

Question 39

what is diffusion

Answer 39

passive movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Question 40

what are some factors that can affect the rate of diffusion

Answer 40

- net movement | - concentration gradient

Question 41

what is osmosis

Answer 41

is the passive movement of water molecules from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration

Question 42

what does hypertonic mean

Answer 42

is when there is a higher solute concentration

Question 43

what does hypotonic mean

Answer 43

is when there is a lower solute concentration

Question 44

what does isotonic mean

Answer 44

when the concentration of solutes is equal

Question 45

what is simple diffusion

Answer 45

only requires a concentration gradient, occurs in gas and liquid

Question 46

what is facillitated diffusion

Answer 46

it requires channel or carrier proteins, the size and shape of proteins determines what can pass through

Question 47

what does the cell theory state

Answer 47

1. all living things are made up of cells 2. cells are the smallest and most basic unit of life 3. all cells come from pre-existing cells

Question 48

what are the four stages of mitosis

Answer 48

1. prophase 2. metaphase 3. anaphase 4. telophase

Question 49

what are the three stages of interphase

Answer 49

G1, S, G2