Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OAT > Cellular Biology > Flashcards

Cellular Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of cell theory?

A
  1. All living things are composed of cells
  2. The cell is the basic functional unit of life
  3. The chemical reactions of life take place inside the cell
  4. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells
  5. Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA. This genetic material is passed from parent cell to daughter cell.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the six kingdoms of living things?

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea
  3. Protista
  4. Fungi
  5. Plantae
  6. Animalia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes possess membrane-bound organelles and are generally considered more complex than prokaryotes. Prokaryotes do not contain nuclei or membrane-bound organelles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What structures do prokaryotes possess?

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material, ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What structures do eukaryotes possess?

A

cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, cytoplasm, vacuoles/vesicles, centrioles, lysosomes, cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

The cell membrane encloses the cell and exhibits selective permeability in order to regulate the passage of materials into and out of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

The fluid mosaic model states that the cell membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded throughout. The lipids and many of the proteins can move freely within the membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the structure of the cell membrane?

A

The cell membrane consists of phospholipid molecules that are arranged such that the long, nonpolar, hydrophobic “fatty” chains of carbon and hydrogen face each other, with the phosphorus-containing, polar, hydrophilic heads facing outward toward the aqueous environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the cell membrane readily permeable to?

A

small, nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules
ex: oxygen

small polar molecules
ex: water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do small charged particles cross the cell membrane?

A

through protein channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do charged ions and larger charged molecules cross the cell membrane?

A

with the assistance of carrier proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

The nucleus stores DNA wound around structural proteins called histones. The nucleus is enclosed by the nuclear membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What role do histones play during DNA replication?

A

DNA winds tightly around histones to compact chromatin into chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What role do histones play during transcription?

A

DNA unwinds itself from the histones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens in the nucleolus?

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is DNA organized in prokaryotes?

A

in small circular chromosomes located in the nucleoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

to facilitate protein production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of rRNA?

A

After being synthesized in the nucleolus of eukaryotes, rRNA molecules can either function in the cytoplasm as unbound ribosomes or on the outer surface of the endoplasmic reticulum as bound ribosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do ribosomes differ in prokaryotes?

A

rRNA synthesis and ribosome function all occurs in the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

The ER is a network of membrane-enclosed spaces involved in the transport of materials throughout the cell. Typically, the materials are destined to be excreted by the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the two different kinds of ER?

A

rough ER and smooth ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER?

A

Rough ER contains ribosomes and plays a role in assembling proteins. Smooth ER does not contain ribosomes and is involved with metabolism and production of lipids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

The Golgi apparatus is the primary site for cellular trafficking. It receives vesicles and their contents from the smooth ER, modifies them, and repackages them into vesicles that are distributed to the cell surface for exocytosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration within the cell. They convert sugars, fats, and other fuel sources into usable energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does the outer membrane of the mitochondria do?

A

forms a barrier with the cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does the inner membrane of the mitochondria do?

A

folded into cristae and contains enzymes for the electron transport chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where is the genome of mitochondria located?

A

in the mitochondrial matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How is mitochondrial DNA different from nuclear DNA?

A

Mitochondrial DNA is independent of the cell genome and looks like circular bacterial chromosomes. This allows mitochondria to divide independently of the nucleus via binary fission.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm contains all of the cell’s organelles and the cytosol (cellular fluid). It is the site of most of the cell’s metabolic activity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is cyclosis?

A

transport within the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the function of vacuoles/vesicles?

A

Vacuoles and vesicles are membrane-bound sacs that are involved in the transport and storage of materials that are ingested, secreted, processed, or digested by the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the difference between vacuoles and vesicles?

A

Vacuoles are larger and more likely to be found in plant cells than in animal cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the function of centrioles?

A

Centrioles are made up of microtubules and are involved in spindle organization during cell division.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the function of the centrosome?

A

The centrosome is the region of the cell where the centrioles are located. It organizes the microtubules to help regulate the progression of the cell cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Which kind of cells do not contain centrioles?

A

plant cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes involved in intracellular digestion. They break down material that is ingested by the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is autolysis?

A

a self-destruct mechanism for an injured or dying cell that ruptures the lysosome membrane to release the hydrolytic enzymes

38
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

The cytoskeleton supports the cell, maintains its shape, and aids in cell mobility.

39
Q

What is the cytoskeleton composed of?

A

microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

40
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Microtubules are hollow rods made up of polymerized tubulin that radiate throughout the cell and provide it with support. They provide a framework for organelle movement within the cell. They are also the components of centrioles. CIlia and flagella are arrangements of microtubules seen in certain cells that aid in cell motility and cytoplasmic movement.

41
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

Microfilaments are solid rods of actin that are important in cell movement and support. They move materials across the plasma membrane such as during the contraction phase of cell division and in amoeboid movement. Muscle contraction is dependent on the interaction of actin with myosin.

42
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

Intermediate filaments are a diverse group of filamentous proteins such as keratin. They serve as the structural backbone of the cell and are able to withstand a tremendous amount of tension. They help to make the cell more rigid and to anchor organelles into place.

43
Q

What are the different methods of cellular transport?

A

simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis

44
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Simple diffusion is the net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradient (high to low concentration). This requires no energy.

45
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the simple diffusion of water from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration.

46
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

A hypotonic solution is a solution that has a lower solute concentration than the cytoplasm of the cell. When placed in a hypotonic solution, water will rush into the cell, causing it to swell and lyse.

47
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

A hypertonic solution is a solution that has a higher solute concentration than the cytoplasm of the cell. When placed in a hypotonic solution, water will rush out of the cell, causing it to shrivel (plasmolysis).

48
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

A isotonic solution is a solution that has the same solute concentration as the cytoplasm of the cell. When placed in a isotonic solution, water will flow in and out of the cell at the same rate.

49
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Facilitated diffusion (passive transport) is the net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradient through channels or carrier proteins in the cell membrane. This does not require energy.

50
Q

What is active transport?

A

Active transport is the net movement of dissolved particles against their concentration gradients with the help of transport proteins. This requires energy.

51
Q

Which kinds of molecules typically use active transport?

A

ions and large molecules

52
Q

What are the different kinds of carrier molecules?

A

symporters, antiporters, pumps

53
Q

What do symporters do?

A

move two or more ions or molecules in the same direction across the membrane

54
Q

What do antiporters do?

A

exchange one or more ions (or molecules) for another ion or molecule across the membrane

55
Q

What are pumps?

A

energy-dependent carriers (require ATP)

ex: sodium-potassium pump

56
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Endocytosis is a process in which the cell membrane invaginates, forming a vesicle that contains extracellular medium. This brings large volumes of extracellular material inside the cell.

57
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Pinocytosis is a type of endocytosis that allows the cell to ingest fluids or small particles.

58
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large particles.

59
Q

What triggers endocytosis?

A

particles binding to the receptors on the cell membrane

60
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Exocytosis is a process in which a vesicle within the cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents to the outside.

61
Q

How are neurotransmitters typically released from the cell?

A

via exocytosis

62
Q

Does material pass through the cell membrane in either endocytosis or exocytosis?

A

No

63
Q

What is cell division?

A

Cell division is the process by which a cell doubles its organelles and cytoplasm, replicates its DNA, and then divides in two.

64
Q

How is cell division different for unicellular v. multicellular organisms?

A

In unicellular organisms, cell division serves as reproduction. In multicellular organisms, it is a method of growth, development, and replacement of worn-out cells.

65
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Mitosis is the division and distribution of the cell’s DNA to its two daughter cells such that each cell receives a complete copy of the original genome. Mitosis takes place in somatic (body) cells.

66
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Prophase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
  6. Cytokinesis
67
Q

What happens in interphase?

A

Interphase is a period of growth and chromosome replication. The cell is performing its normal functions during this time. Each chromosome is replicated, making 2 identical sister chromatids held together at the centromere. The DNA exists as chromatin in this stage.

68
Q

What are the three parts of interphase?

A
  1. G1
  2. S
  3. G2
69
Q

What happens in G1?

A

In G1, interphase is initiated. This is the active growth phase and varies in length. The cell is increasing in size and synthesizing proteins.

70
Q

What happens in S?

A

DNA synthesis

71
Q

What happens in G2?

A

The cell prepares to divide and continues to grow and synthesize proteins.

72
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

In prophase, the cell is preparing for nuclear division (karyokinesis). The chromatin is condensed into clearly defined chromosomes. The nuclear membrane dissolves to allow nuclear division to occur later. The centriole pairs separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell.

73
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

In metaphase, the centrioles are now at opposite poles of the cell. They are anchored to the cell membrane via spindle fibers. The spindle fibers radiate outwards from the centriole towards the chromosomes, attaching to each chromatid at the kinetochore (a protein located on the centromere). Once attached, the spindle fiber aligns the chromosomes along the metaphase plate.

74
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

In anaphase, the sister chromatids of each chromosome begin to separate. First, the centromeres split so that each chromatid has its own centromere. The spindle fibers shorten so that the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell.

75
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

In telophase, the spindle apparatus disappears. A nuclear membrane forms around each set of newly formed chromosomes. Each nucleus contains the same number of chromosomes (diploid number 2N) as the parent nucleus. The chromosomes then uncoil, resuming their interphase form.

76
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

In cytokinesis, the cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells that each have a complete nucleus and their own set of organelles.

77
Q

How is cytokinesis different in animal v. plant cells?

A

In animal cells, a cleavage furrow forms, which pinches through the cell to separate the two nuclei. In plant cells, a cell plate forms between the two nuclei to split the cell in half and allow for division.

78
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Meiosis is the process in which sex cells are produced. Meiosis produces haploid (1N) cells that have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. When sex cells fuse during fertilization, a diploid cell will result.

79
Q

What are the stages of meiosis?

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Prophase I
  3. Metaphase I
  4. Anaphase I
  5. Telophase I
  6. Cytokinesis
  7. Prophase II
  8. Metaphase II
  9. Anaphase II
  10. Telophase II
  11. Cytokinesis
80
Q

What happens in prophase I?

A

In prophase I, the chromatin condenses into chromosomes, the spindle apparatus forms, and the nucleoli and nuclear membrane disappear. Crossing over also occurs.

81
Q

What is crossing over?

A

Crossing over is the genetic exchange between chromatids of homologous chromosomes. This occurs during prophase I of meiosis and increases genetic diversity.

82
Q

How does crossing over occur?

A
  1. Homologous chromosomes come together and intertwine in a process called synapsis. This forms a tetrad with a total of 4 sister chromatids involved. The chromatids interact together at the chiasmata.
  2. Chromatids of homologous chromosomes break at corresponding points and exchange equivalent pieces of DNA. This forms recombinant chromosomes.
83
Q

What happens in metaphase I?

A

In metaphase I, homologous pairs (tetrads) align at the equatorial plane and each pair attaches to a separate spindle fiber at the kinetochore.

84
Q

What happens in anaphase I?

A

In anaphase I, the homologous pairs separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell in a process called disjunction.

85
Q

What happens during disjunction?

A

In disjunction, each chromosome of paternal origin separates from its homologue of maternal origin. Either chromosome can end up in either daughter cell. The distribution of homologous chromosomes to the two intermediate daughter cells is random with respect to parental origin. At the end of disjunction, each daughter cell will have a unique pool of genes from a random mixture of paternal and maternal origin.

86
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

Nondisjunction occurs when cells do not separate properly during meiosis I or meiosis II. This results in the daughter cells having an incorrect number of chromosomes.

87
Q

What happens in telophase I?

A

In telophase I, a nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus, thereby forming two haploid cells (1N), in which each chromosome has two sister chromatids. These cells are called the intermediate daughter cells.

88
Q

What happens in prophase II?

A

In prophase II, the nuclear envelope dissolves, nucleoli disappear, the centrioles migrate to opposite poles, and the spindle apparatus begins to form.

89
Q

What happens in metaphase II?

A

In metaphase II, the chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate.

90
Q

What happens in anaphase II?

A

In anaphase II, the sister chromatids of the chromosomes are separated and pulled apart by the shortening spindle fibers. Each separated sister chromatid is now considered a chromosome itself.

91
Q

What happens in telophase II?

A

In telophase II, a nuclear membrane forms around each new set of chromosomes. Cytokinesis follows and two haploid daughter cells are formed per intermediate daughter cell. At the end of meiosis II, up to four haploid daughter cells are produced per gametocyte (parent cell of meiosis II).

OAT (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions