Cellular Biology

Question 1

Cells of animals and plants

Answer 1

eukaryotes

Question 2

Cells that contain no organelles

Answer 2

prokaryotes

Question 3

Genetic information is contained in a single circular chromosome

Answer 3

prokaryotes

Question 4

Process of a cell becoming specialized

Answer 4

differentiation/maturation

Question 5

Eight cellular functions

Answer 5

Movement, conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, and communication

Question 6

3 components of a eukaryote

Answer 6

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and intracellular organelles

Question 7

Largest membrane-bound organelle

Answer 7

nucleus

Question 8

This structure serves as a repository of genetic information

Answer 8

nucleus

Question 9

Aqueous solution that fills the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane

Answer 9

cytoplasm

Question 10

cell structure that synthesizes proteins

Answer 10

ribsomes

Question 11

cell structure that synthesizes steroids hormones and removing toxic substances from cells

Answer 11

endoplasmic reticulum (SER and RER)

Question 12

cell structure responsible for processing and packaging proteins into secretory vesicles

Answer 12

Golgi complex

Question 13

cell structures that contain digestive enzymes

Answer 13

lysosomes

Question 14

proteins in the nukes that bind DNA and help regulate its activity

Answer 14

histones

Question 15

cells such as neutrophils that use hydrogen peroxide as a defensive weapon

Answer 15

peroxisomes

Question 16

responsible for generating the majority of a cell’s adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 16

mitochondria

Question 17

cells that secrete the extracellular matrix

Answer 17

fibroblasts

Question 18

encloses the cell

Answer 18

plasma membrane

Question 19

important in cell-to-cell recognition, cellular mobility, and maintenance of cellular shape

Answer 19

plasma membrane

Question 20

“bone and muscle” of a cell

Answer 20

cytoskeleton

Question 21

basic structure of plasma membrane

Answer 21

lipid bilayer

Question 22

carbohydrates bound to membrane proteins

Answer 22

glycoproteins

Question 23

lipids bound to membrane proteins

Answer 23

glycolipids

Question 24

water loving

Answer 24

hydrophilic

Question 25

water hating

Answer 25

hydrophobic

Question 26

membrane proteins translocate which is called

Answer 26

trafficking

Question 27

misfolded proteins cause....

Answer 27

disease

Question 28

Proteins determine the functions of ....

Answer 28

the membrane

Question 29

Proteins form cellular receptors that recognize and bind with smaller molecules are called ...

Answer 29

ligands

Question 30

state of the cell balance of the processes of protein synthesis, folding, and dehydration

Answer 30

proteostasis

Question 31

functions of a protein

Answer 31

pores or transports channels, enzymes that drive pumps, cell surface markers and cell adhesion molecules, and catalysts of chemical reactions

Question 32

Makes up the proteostasis network

Answer 32

ribosomes, chaperones, and protein breakdown

Question 33

proteins on the outside of the plasma membrane are the

Answer 33

glycocalyx

Question 34

The glycocalyx protects the cell from

Answer 34

mechanical damage

Question 35

Cells are held together by what?

Answer 35

1. the extracellular membrane 2. cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma membrane 3. specialized cell junctions

Question 36

what is the extracellular matrix

Answer 36

meshwork of fibrous proteins that provide pathways for diffusion of waste, nutrients, and other water-soluble substances

Question 37

the ECM includes 3 groups

Answer 37

1. fibrous structural proteins (collagen and elastin) 2. adhesive glycoproteins 3. proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid

Question 38

in a simple epithelium, the epithelial cells are in contact with what that provides support

Answer 38

basement membrane

Question 39

3 ways cells communicate

Answer 39

1. through protein channels (gap junctions) 2. display receptors that affect intracellular processes 3. receptor proteins inside the target cell

Question 40

Symmetric cell junctions

Answer 40

desmosome

Question 41

asymmetric cell junctions

Answer 41

hemidesmosome

Question 42

phases of catabolism

Answer 42

digestions, glycolysis and oxidation, and the citric acid cycle

Question 43

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

Answer 43

in the mitochondria

Question 44

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 44

mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins transfers to ATP.

Question 45

What are passive transport mechanisms?

Answer 45

Diffusion, filtration, and osmosis

Question 46

Movement of a solute from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser solute concentration

Answer 46

diffusion

Question 47

movement of water and solutes through a membrane because of a greater pushing pressure on one side

Answer 47

filtration

Question 48

what is the resting membrane potential?

Answer 48

the difference in voltage across the plasma membrane

Question 49

Steps of action potential

Answer 49

Na permeability increases, Na ion moves into the cell, K permeability increases, K ions leave the cell, resting membrane potential is reestablished

Question 50

Correct phases of the normal cell cycle

Answer 50

G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, M phase

Question 51

Maturation occurs during which cellular life stage

Answer 51

interphase (growth phase)

Question 52

What happens during the S-phase?

Answer 52

DNA synthesis takes place in the cell's nucleus

Question 53

What occurs during the M-phase?

Answer 53

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Question 54

3 factors that maintain the cellular organization of tissues

Answer 54

recognition and cell communication, selective cell-to-cell adhesion, and memory

Question 55

four basic types of tissue

Answer 55

epithelial, muscle, nerve, and connective tissue

Question 56

tissue that covers most internal and external surfaces and functions include protection, absorption, secretion, and excretion

Answer 56

epithelial

Question 57

tissue composed of neurons that transmit electric impulses across synapses

Answer 57

neural (nerve) tissue

Question 58

Tissue that serves as excess storage for nutrients and binds various tissues and organs together

Answer 58

connective tissue

Question 59

tissue composed of long, thin, highly contractible fibers

Answer 59

muscle tissue