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Pathophysiology > Cellular Biology > Flashcards

Cellular Biology Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

What organisms are included in Eukaryotes?

A

Animals, plants, fungi, protozoa, and most algae

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2
Q

What are the main characteristics of Eukaryotic cells?

A

Larger cells, membrane-bound organelles, well-defined nucleus, multiple chromosomes

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3
Q

What organisms are classified as Prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and archaea

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4
Q

What are the main characteristics of Prokaryotic cells?

A

Lack membrane-bound organelles, lack defined nucleus, single circular chromosome

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5
Q

List specialized functions of cells.

A
  • Movement
  • Conductivity
  • Metabolic absorption
  • Secretion
  • Excretion
  • Respiration
  • Reproduction
  • Communication
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6
Q

What is the role of the nucleus in a cell?

A

Contains genetic information; controls cell division

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7
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Fluid (cytosol) that surrounds organelles; site of metabolic activity

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8
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

mRNA translation into proteins; protein synthesis

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9
Q

What are the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and their functions?

A
  • RER: Synthesizes proteins
  • SER: Synthesizes steroids; detoxifies substances
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10
Q

What does the Golgi Complex do?

A

Modifies, packages, and directs proteins and lipids

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11
Q

What are lysosomes responsible for?

A

Digestive enzymes for cellular breakdown

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12
Q

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

A

Powerhouse of the cell; site of ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation

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13
Q

What is the role of the plasma membrane?

A

Controls entry/exit of substances; composed of lipid bilayer

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14
Q

What are membrane proteins and their functions?

A
  • Receptors
  • Transporters
  • Enzymes
  • Anchors
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15
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

Carbohydrates that provide protection, lubrication, and cell-cell recognition

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16
Q

What are cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)?

A

Molecules that form cell-to-cell adhesion

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17
Q

What is the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

A

Supportive mesh that regulates growth and differentiation

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18
Q

What are the types of cell junctions?

A
  • Tight junctions
  • Desmosomes
  • Gap junctions
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19
Q

What is signal transduction?

A

Communicates external signals via receptors, involving first and second messenger cascade

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20
Q

Define anabolism.

A

Energy-using synthesis of molecules

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21
Q

Define catabolism.

A

Energy-releasing breakdown of molecules

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22
Q

What is ATP?

A

Energy-transferring molecule for cellular functions

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23
Q

What are the types of membrane transport?

A
  • Passive (no energy): diffusion, filtration, osmosis
  • Active (requires ATP): transport of large molecules, ions
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24
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Process including phagocytosis and pinocytosis

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25
What is exocytosis?
Expelling substances from the cell
26
What are the phases of the cell cycle?
* G1 – Growth * S – DNA synthesis * G2 – Preparation for division * M – Mitosis
27
What are the stages of mitosis?
* Prophase * Metaphase * Anaphase * Telophase
28
What regulates the cell cycle?
Controlled by CDKs and cyclins
29
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death
30
What are the four types of tissues?
* Epithelial – Covers surfaces * Connective – Supports * Muscle – Contracts (voluntary and involuntary) * Neural – Conducts impulses
31
Define atrophy.
Decreased cell size
32
Define hypertrophy.
Increased cell size
33
Define hyperplasia.
Increased number of cells
34
Define metaplasia.
Replacement of one cell type
35
Define dysplasia.
Abnormal cell shape/organization (not a true adaptation)
36
What causes cellular injury?
* Hypoxia * Free radicals * Chemical agents * Infectious agents * Physical/mechanical trauma
37
What are the types of cellular injury?
* Reversible * Irreversible
38
What are the mechanisms of cellular injury?
* ATP depletion * Mitochondrial damage * Calcium influx * Membrane damage
39
What are the outcomes of cellular injury?
* Necrosis * Apoptosis * Autophagy * Calcification
40
What are examples of intracellular accumulations?
* Water * Lipids * Glycogen * Proteins * Pigments * Calcium salts (dystrophic or metastatic)
41
What is senescence in cellular biology?
Permanent arrest of cell division
42
What is autophagy?
Cleanup of damaged organelles
43
What does frailty refer to?
Decline in physiological function
44
What is somatic death?
No vital signs; includes rigor mortis, livor mortis
45
What does TBW stand for?
Total Body Water
46
What are the compartments of body fluids?
* ICF * ECF
47
What causes edema?
* Capillary hydrostatic pressure * Plasma oncotic pressure * Capillary permeability * Lymphatic obstruction
48
What is hypernatremia?
>145 mEq/L sodium (Na+)
49
What is hyponatremia?
<135 mEq/L sodium (Na+)
50
What is hyperkalemia?
>5.0 mEq/L potassium (K+)
51
What is hypokalemia?
<3.5 mEq/L potassium (K+)
52
What is hypercalcemia?
>11 mg/dL calcium (Ca2+)
53
What is hypocalcemia?
<9 mg/dL calcium (Ca2+)
54
What is hyperphosphatemia?
>4.7 mg/dL phosphate (PO4-)
55
What is hypophosphatemia?
<2.0 mg/dL phosphate (PO4-)
56
What is hypermagnesemia?
>3.0 mEq/L magnesium (Mg2+)
57
What is hypomagnesemia?
<1.5 mEq/L magnesium (Mg2+)
58
What is the normal pH range of blood?
7.35–7.45
59
What are the buffer systems in the body?
* Bicarbonate (HCO3⁻) * Hemoglobin * Proteins * Phosphates
60
What is metabolic acidosis?
HCO3⁻ loss or acid accumulation
61
What is metabolic alkalosis?
H⁺ loss or HCO3⁻ excess
62
What is respiratory acidosis?
CO2 retention
63
What is respiratory alkalosis?
CO2 loss
64
What are the types of compensation for acid-base disorders?
* Respiratory (lungs) * Renal (kidneys)
65
What are mixed disorders in acid-base balance?
Common in critical illness; complex compensation

Pathophysiology (2 decks)

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