Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PCAT Biology > Cellular Biology > Flashcards

Cellular Biology Flashcards

(74 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Six Kingdoms

A

bacteria, archaea, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cell Membrane

A

encloses the cell and exhibits selective permeability. regulates passage of materials into and out of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

cell membrane consists of phospholipid bilayers with proteins embedded throughout

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

long, nonpolar, hydrophobic fatty chains of carbon and hydrogen face each other. phosphorus-containing polar, hydrophilic heads face outwards.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Nucleus

A

controls the activities of the cell, including cell division. surrounded by a nuclear membrane. contains DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

DNA

A

nucleic acid complexed with histones to form chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Histones

A

structural proteins that DNA winds around to make it more compact. involved in reulgation of gene transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Nucleolus

A

dense structure in the nucleus where riobosomal RNA synthesis occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

rRNA

A

necessary for protein synthesis at the ribosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ribosome

A

sites of protein production and are synthesized by the nucleolus. free ribosomes found in cytoplasm and bound ribosomes line the outer membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

network of membrane-enclosed spaces involved in the transport of materials throughout the cell, particularly those materials destined to be secreted by the cell. direct continuous passageway from the plasma membrane to the nuclear membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

does not contain ribosomes so not involved with protein synthesis. involved with metabolism and production of lipids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

contains ribosomes and plays role in production of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

receives vesicles and their contents from smooth ER and modifies them, repackages them into vesicles and distributes them to the cell surface of exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mitochondria

A

Composed of an outer and inner phospholipid bilayer, sites of aerobic respiration within the cell and suppliers of energy (especially ATP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cytoplasm

A

most of the cell’s metabolic activity occurs here in the cytosol and organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cytosol

A

cellular fluid contained within the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cylosis

A

streaming movement within the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Vacuoles/Vesicles

A

membrane-bound sacs involved in the transport and storage of materials that are ingested, secreted, processed or digested by the cell (vacuoles - larger and more likely in plant cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Centrioles

A

involved in spindle organization during cell division and not bound by membrane, only in animal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lysosomes

A

membrane-bound vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes involved in intracellular digestion. break down material ingested by cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Autolysis

A

injured/dying “cell suicide” by rupturing lysosomal membrane and releasing its hydrolytic enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

supports the cell, maintains its shape, aids in cell motility. composed of microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Microtubule

A

hollow rods made up of polymerized tubulin (protein) that radiate throughout the cell and provide support. provide framework for organelle movement within the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Centrioles
direct the separation of chromosomes during cell division, composed of microtubules
26
Cilia and Flagella
specialzed arrangements of microtubules that extend from certain cells and are involved in cell motility and cytoplasmic movement
27
Microfilaments
solid roots of actin, move materials across the plasma membrane
28
Actin
protein important in cell movement as well as support
29
Simple Diffusion
net movement of dissolved particles down from high to low concentration. passive process that requires no external source of energy.
30
Osmosis
simple diffusion of water from a region of lower solute concentration to higher
31
Hypertonic
the cytoplasm of a cell has lower solute concentration than the extracellular medium.
32
Plasmolysis
water flowing out of cell due to hypertonic nature of medium
33
Hypotonic
extracellular environment is less concentrated than the cytoplasm of cell. water will flow in.
34
Lyse
cell bursting due to water flowing into cell. red blood cells lyse in distilled water.
35
Isotonic
extracellular environment and cytoplasm have same solute concentration. water flows back and forth in equal amounts.
36
Facilitated Diffusion/Passive Transport
net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradient through special channels or carrier proteins in the cell membrane. does not require energy.
37
Active Transport
net movement of dissolved particles against their concentration gradients with the help of transport proteins. require energy.
38
Carrier Molecules/Transport Proteins
aid in the regulation of cell's internal content of ion's and large molecules.
39
Energy-independent Carriers
facilitate the movement of compounds along a concentration gradient
40
Symporters
move two or more ions in the same direction across the membrane
41
Antiporters
exchange one or more ions/molecules for another ion/molecule across the membrane
42
Pumps
energy-dependent carries that require ATP
43
Endocytosis
cell membrane invaginates and forms vesicle that contains extracellular medium. allows cell to bring large volumes of extracellular material inside the cell
44
Pinocytosis
ingestion of fluids or small particles
45
Phagocytosis
engulfing of large particles - said particles may bind to receptors on cell membrane before being engulfed
46
Exocytosis
vesicle within cell fuses with cell membrane and releases large volume of contents to outside. plays important role in cell growth and intercellular signaling.
47
Brownian Movement
kinetic energy spreads small suspended particles throughout the cytoplasm of the cell
48
Cyclosis
circular motion of cytoplasm around cell transports molecules
49
Cell Division
the process by which a cell doubles its organelles and cytoplasm, replicates its DNA, and then divides in two.
50
Interphase (Mitosis)
the period of growth and chromosome replication. cell performs normal function and each chromosome is replicated.
51
Interphase G1 (Mitosis)
initiates interphase, cell increases in size and synthesizes proteins
52
Interphase S (Mitosis)
period of DNA synthesis
53
G2 (Mitosis)
cell prepares to divide. grows and synthesizes proteins
54
Mitosis
division and distribution of cell's DNA to two daughter cells such that each cell receives a complete copy of original genome (only somatic cells)
55
Somatic Cell
any cell of the body except sperm and egg cells
56
Karyokinesis
division of nucleus (precedes cytokinesis)
57
Prophase (Mitosis)
chromosomes condense, centriole pairs separate and move to opposite poles, spindle apparatus forms between them, nuclear membrane dissolves.
58
Metaphase (Mitosis)
centriole pairs at opposite poles, fibers of spindle attach to each chromatid at corresponding kinetochore (protein on centromere), spindle fibers align chromosomes at center of cell (metaphase plate)
59
Anaphase (Mitosis)
centromeres split so that each chromatid has own centromere and sister chromatids separate. sister chromatids are pulled toward opposite poles by shortened spindle fibers
60
Telophase (Mitosis)
spindle apparatus disappears, nuclear membrane forms around each set of newly formed chromosomes, chromosomes uncoil to interphase form
61
Cytokinesis (Mitosis)
cytoplasm divides into 2 daughter cells with own nucleus and organelles
62
Gamete
specialized sex cell produced by each parent
63
Meiosis
production of gamete, beings with duplication of chromosomes, halves the number of chromosomes
64
Interphase (Meiosis)
parent cell's chromosomes are replicated
65
First Meiotic Division
produces two immediate daughter cells with N chromosomes and sister chromatids
66
Prophase 1 (Meiosis)
chromatin condenses into chromosomes, spindle apparatus forms, nucleoli and nuclear membrane disappear
67
Synapsis
homologous chromosomes come together and intertwine
68
Crossing Over
exchange of equivalent pieces of DNA between homologous chromosomes
69
Metaphase 1 (Meiosis)
homologous pairs (tetrads) align at the equatorial plate and each pair attaches to a separate spindle fiber
70
Anaphase 1 (Meiosis)
homologous pairs separate and are pulled to opposite poles of cell
71
Disjunction
each chromosome of paternal origin separates from homologue of maternal origin and either can end up in either daughter cell
72
Nondisjunction
cells do not separate appropriately during meiosis - daughter cells have incorrect number of chromosomes
73
Telophase 1 (Meiosis)
nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus
74
Second Meiotic Divison
chromosomes align at equator, separate and move to opposite poles, surrounded by reformed nuclear membrane.

PCAT Biology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions