Cellular Biology and Adaptation Flashcards
(37 cards)
1
Q
8 Specialized Functions of a Cell
A
- Movement
- Conductivity
- Metabolic Absorption
- Secretion
- Excretion
- Respiration
- Reproduction
- Communication
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2
Q
Movement
A
- Muscle cells can generate forces that produce motion
- Cardiac, muscle, and blood vessel contraction
- White blood cells (WBC’s) are able to travel to the site of the infection through this function
3
Q
Conductivity
A
- The capacity of living cells to transmit a wave of electrical disturbance from one point to another within the body
- Occurs as a response to a stimulus manifested by waves of excitation, an electrical potential that passes along the surface of the cell to reach other parts
- Occurs due to the presence of ions and mobile polar molecules within the system
- Chief function of the nerve cells
- Present in nerve cells and the electrical conduction system of the heart
4
Q
Metabolic Absorption
A
- A function of the cell that allows all cells to take in and use nutrients and other substances from their surroundings
- Occurs in the intestine and renal tubules
5
Q
Secretion
A
- A process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland or organ for a particular function in the organism or for excretion
- Certain cells can synthesize new substances from substances they absorb and then secrete the new substances to serve as needed elsewhere
- Ex) Hormone producing cells; Pancreas; Sex Organs; Pituitary Trophiv Hormones
6
Q
Excretion
A
- All cells can rid themselves of waste products resulting from the metabolic breakdown of nutrients
- Lysosomes within cells contain enzymes that break down or digest large molecules, turning them into waste products that are released from the cell
- Occurs in the renal tubules
7
Q
Respiration
A
- The process by which cells break down glucose to release the energy they contain in order to power other chemical processes
- Aerobic or Anaerobic
8
Q
Cellular (Aerobic) Respiration/Oxidation
A
- The process that releases energy by breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen, producing carbon dioxide, water and energy
- Occurs in mitochondria
9
Q
Fermentation (Anaerobic) Respiration
A
- The chemical process by which molecules such as glucose are broken down without the presence of oxygen
- Regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis can continue
- Can lead to the build up of toxins due to lack of O2
10
Q
Reproduction
A
- Process by which cells duplicate their contents and then divide to yield multiple cells with similar, if not duplicate contents
- Not all cells are capable of continuous division (Nerve, muscle, and retina cells can not regenerate)
- Tissue growth occurs as cells enlarge and divide themselves
- Even without growth, tissue maintenance requires that new cells be produced to replace cells that are lost normally through cellular death
11
Q
Cell Cycle
A
G1, S, G2, M
Can last 12-24 hours
12
Q
Mitosis
A
Cell division that results in two daughter cells that each have same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent
13
Q
Prophase
A
first appearance of chromosomes
* Each chromosome has 2 identical halves called chromatids
14
Q
Metaphase
A
Chromosome line up in the middle of the cell and chromosomes are arranged in an orderly fashion
15
Q
Anaphase
A
Chromosomes pulled to opposite sides of the cell
16
Q
Telophase
A
New nuclear membrane forms around each group of 46 chromosomes, forming 2 identical diploid daughter cells from the original cell
17
Q
Communication
A
*The ability of the cell to receive, process and transmit signals with its environment and with itself
* Vital for cells to survive as a society of cells
* Allows for maintenance of a dynamic steady state —> homeostasis (Feedback loops)
18
Q
Feedback Loope
A
a biological occurrence wherein the output of a system amplifies the system (positive) or inhibits the system (negative)
19
Q
Plasma membrane
A
- A selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells
- functions include cell-to-cell recognition, cellular mobility and the maintenance of the cellular shape
20
Q
Plasma Membrane (Structure Importance)
A
- Critical to normal function of the cell
- Important element in the hormone activity
- important element in pharma logic action
- Structure allows for selective transport of substances between cell and environment
- Allows for cell to cell recognition
- Promotes cell mobility
21
Q
Plasma Membrane Structure
A
- Determined by the lipid bilayer
22
Q
Plasma Membrane Lipids
A
- Include phospholipid, glycolipids, and cholesterol
- Maintain membrane integrity
- Each lipid molecule is said to be polar or amp hips this, which means that one part is hydrophobic & another part is hydrophilic
23
Q
Plasma Membrane Proteins
A
- Membrane functions are determined largely by proteins
- Key components of energy transduction, converting chemical energy into electrical energy, or electrical energy into either mechanical energy or synthesis of ATP
- May float or become embedded
24
Q
Plasma Membrane Proteins Functions
A
- Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) or proteins that allow cells to hook together and form attachments of the cytoskeleton for maintaining cellular shape
25
Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)
* Proteins found on surface of most cells that aid in binding the cell to the extra cellular matrix or to other cells
* Allow cells to hook together
26
Integral Membrane Protein
A protein embedded in the lipid bilayer of a cell. Typically cell surface receptors, channels, or pumps
27
Peripheral Membrane Protein
* A protein that is associated with the plasma membrane of a cell, but that is not embedded in the lipid bilayer
* Reside on the surface of the membrance
* Bound to integral protein
* Typically associate with embedded proteins through hydrogen bonding or electrostatic interactions
28
Plasma Membrane Fludity
* Affected by cholesterol content
* At low temperature= Gel like
* At high temperature = Liquid
29
Cells Link Together by
* Cell adhesion molecules in the cell’s plasma membrane
* The extra cellular matrix (Hells cells from and mesh)
* Specialized cell junctions
30
Cell Junctions
* Connections between cells rhat hold the cells together as a unit
* Contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells
* Allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell
31
Desmosomes
* Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart
* Hold cells together like a system of braces
32
Tight Junctions
* Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid
* Barriers to diffusion (Nephron)
33
GAP junctions
* Provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells
* Allow small ions and molecules to pass directly from inside one cell to another
34
Nucleus
* Responsible for growth and reproduction
* The largest membrane-bound organelle
* Center of the cell
35
Nucleolus
* A small dense structure composed largely of RNA
* Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes
* Cell repository of RNA
* Most of the processing of RNA occurs here
36
Caveolae
* Cave like indentations in the plasma membrane
* Repository/storage site for receptors
* Route of cellular transport
* Initator of signals
37
Lysosomes
* Sac like structures that contain enzymes for digesting most cellular substances to their basic. form
* Cellular injury leads to the release of digestive enzymes (hydroplanes that cause cellular self-destruction
* A new function is signaling hubs of sophisticated network for cellular adaptation
* Protected from other cellular structures by membranes
