cellular changes of disease

Question 1

neutrophils and exp?

Answer 1

granulocytes, phagocytosis (eating and spitting) most abundant leukocytes in blood, first to respond

Question 2

lymphocytes and exp?

Answer 2

mediated cellular and humoral immunity, B cells differentiate into plasma cells which secretes immunoglobulins.

Question 3

monocytes and exp?

Answer 3

transfers to macrophages which is used in the process of phagocytosis.

Question 4

eosinophil and exp?

Answer 4

moderates allergic reaction and important for parasitic infection.

Question 5

basophil and exp?

Answer 5

facilitates allergic reaction through the release of histamine and serotonin.

Question 6

3 reasons why we loss against infectious bacteria?

Answer 6

1) microorganisms multiply very fast and evolve quickly
2) humans take time to reproduce meaning they take time to evolve from this disease.
3) the microorganisms have a upper hand.

Question 7

whats happening in that video? (hint- neutrophil and bacteria)

Answer 7

the neutrophil is engulfing the foreign bacteria and the round cells are lymphocytes.

Question 8

function of the immune system?

Answer 8

prevent infection and ERADICATE infections

Question 9

what happens in the first 6-12hrs of infection?

Answer 9

its the innate response (skin/epithelal cells (inc pathogens and microbes), phagoctyes NK cells and complement),

Question 10

a drug that induces adaptive immunity?

Answer 10

Vaccines and monoclonal antibodies

Question 11

what happens days after the infection?

Answer 11

the adaptive response occurs which activates the B lymphocytes -> antibodies, and T lymphocytes -> Effector T cells

Question 12

how is out immune system regulated? found?

Answer 12

hemopoietic stem cell, bone marrow

Question 13

MHSC

Answer 13

multipurpose hematopietic stem cell (hemocytoblast, self - renewal (cell division independently and don’t change their state

Question 14

what is differentiation into mature myeloid site?

Answer 14

(innate immunity)

Question 15

what is differentiation of mature lymphode cells?

Answer 15

(aquired immunity) - T cells, B cell

Question 16

everyday how much rbc is produced?

Answer 16

we produce 10^12 rbc , wbc and platelets.

Question 17

what mediates inflammation?

Answer 17

hemopoietic cells

Question 18

triggers of inflammation?

Answer 18

PACDEI
Pathogens
Abrasion (cut)
Chemical irritation
Distortion of cells
Extreme temp
Ischeamia (O2 drops in cells), water comes in and ATP produce drops and to much calcium released) or hypoxia

Question 19

symptoms of inflammation?

Answer 19

RPHS
Red due to hyperemia (^ blood flow)
Pain due to bradykinin (fluid pressure on nerves)
Heat due to hyperemia
Swelling due to ^ capiliary permiability and filtration.

Question 20

what causes blood vessels to dilate and low bp?

Answer 20

the peptide bradykinin

Question 21

first 6-12hrs of infection during phagocytes?

Answer 21

BIPLD
1. bacteria attach to membrane of cell
2. indigested to cell forming (phagosomes) (bacteria ball inside)
3. phagosomes join with lysosomes
4. lysosome enzyme inside phagosomes digest bacteria
5. digested product removed out of cell

Question 22

How many microbial cells (bacterial) ?

Answer 22

10^14

Question 23

microbes that reside in an on the body are called?

Answer 23

microbiota

Question 24

microbiome is

Answer 24

the genes encoded by the microbiota

Question 25

neutrophils

Answer 25

the most
first to fix foreigners
multiple nucleosite
survive for few hours
granulocyte

Question 26

monocytes

Answer 26

less in blood
differentiate into macrophages in the tissue
one nucelosite
macrophage surviver for longer periods of time in the tissue.
agranulocyte

Question 27

the inflammatory cells are producing

Question 28

how do we repair after inflammation?

Answer 28

VCT
Vascular phase (blood vessels)
Cellular phase
Tissue repair

Question 29

foreign object breaks through the epitheial cell…

Answer 29

ohh no now vasodilation occurs in the blood vessel which has allowed the macrophages and the neutrophils to be released.

Question 30

during Vascular phase of inflammation repair

Answer 30

DPBL
Dilation of blood vessels
Permeability of CAPILLARY increases (WBC stick to wall, substances are passing through the blood to damaged area, swelling)
Blood flow increase - to remove damaged and toxic cells and redness
Leukocytes produce immune cell activating mediators such as histamine, cytokines and more.

Question 31

how do they know when foreign bacteria come in they activate…

Answer 31

pattern receptors on the surface of macrophages

Question 32

substances involved in mediating inflammation (6)

Answer 32

HKPLPP
Histamine released by mast cells
Kinins- protein in blood cause infla, irritate nerve endings and affect bp (more low bp)
Prostaglandins- lipid (fat) mediator (LM) released by damaged cells, prolong PAIN
Leukotrienes- LM made by leukocytes/non blood cells, cause contractions in trachea (TOO much can cause asthma and allergic rhinitis.
Polypeptide cytokines- GM-CSF and IL-6 releeased by neutrophils and macrophages to site of damage and PRIME activation of phagocytic ability of neutrophils and macrophages.
Polypeptide chemokines- CXCL1 and CCL2 released to stimulate more immune cells to come fight.

Question 33

what is pus?

Answer 33

it all the wbc that have invaded the site of infection meaning there is alot of dead phagocytes causing pus

Question 34

how do WBC leave the blood vessel and what are they regulated by?

Answer 34

they leave through a process called DIASPEDSIS squeezing through the endothelial cells, they are regulated by chemokines (CXCL1 and CCL2)

Question 35

chemokines and cytokines

Answer 35

it wouldn’t activate neutrophils and you wouldn’t get pus development.

Question 36

cellular process of tissue repair include

Answer 36

necrosis due to injury or apoptosis
cell proliferation (mitosis)
remodelling of extracellular matrix
angiogenesis (vascularisation)

Question 37

what causes a cell die due to injury

Answer 37

necrosis

Question 38

(cellular phase) you get cut what happens ..

Answer 38

1. bacteria (pathogens) enters under the skin
2. macrophages will recognise the invaded bacteria and engage them.
3. activates macrophages to release chemokines and cytokines.
4. chemkines and cytokine recrut of more White cells and the residence cells that are there (eg mast cells and more)
5. neutrophils will diapedesis out of the vessels.
6. neutrophils will engulf them phagosistos them then eliminate them through diapodesis.
7. the wbc will kill the bacteria stopping them from creating a systemic problem in the vascular system.

Question 39

when mast cells come across bacteria…

Answer 39

histamine is released causing vasodilation and swelling of the vessel walls and increases permability of the walls allow wbc to be released.

Question 40

chemokines and cytokines call what WBC

Answer 40

neutrophils

Question 41

apoptosis and affect on tissue

Answer 41

SSANNIR
suicide
shrinks
active
needs ATP
no acute inflam
intact memebrane
requires caspases

it is there to remove unwanted cells eg. alzheimer disease is too much apoptosis of neurons.

Question 42

necrosis and effect on tissues

Answer 42

ISINABN
injury
swells
inactive
no ATP
active inflam
broken membrane
no caspase

it is when cells die due to injury or disease e.g. avascular necrosis loss of blood supply to bone due to cell injury.

Question 43

intrinsic cell apoptosis is

Answer 43

starts inside cell by MITOCHONDRIA and apoptotic signals activation for caspase 9 enzyme.

Question 44

extrinsic cell apoptosis is

Answer 44

binding of death ligands to cell surface receptors
apoptotic signals activate caspase 3/6/7 enzyme.

Question 45

caspases

Answer 45

an enzyme that control cell death and inflammation

Question 46

what is a regulator for tissue repair?

Answer 46

PGF polypeptide growth factors
- they regulate by binding to the surface receptors, then activate the inside signals and cellular process for mitosis. eg EGF receptor (epiderma growth factor)

Question 47

tissue repair includes the extracellular matrix which does ..

Answer 47

controls cell growth, structural support, regulates proteins and structural support.

Question 48

what components helps with the rebuilding of the skin to be strong and elastic after injury?

Answer 48

the extracellular matrix components such as:
CFLIP
Collagen
Fibronectin
Laminin
Integrins
Proteoglycans

Question 49

what do fibroblasts do?

Answer 49

they help with rebuilding of the tissue through connective tissue cells, producing growth factors and produce collagen and fibronectin.

Question 50

stages of wound repair?

Answer 50

FCRPG
1. fibroblast migration
2. collagen producing epithelial cells
3. re-epitheialisation
4. producing granulation tissue
5. growth factors

Question 51

angiogenesis - regulated?

Answer 51

growth of blood vessels from old blood vessels and it increases capiliary density.
Regulated by factors VEGF and FGF

Question 52

when does scar repair occur?

Answer 52

3 weeks after injury can continue for 6 months or longer

Question 53

re-epthelialization

Answer 53

the re building of the epithial skin layer.
- hemotosis (clotting)
- inflammation (inflam cells)
- proliferation (granulation tissue)
- remodelling (scar)

Question 54

how do scars develop?

Answer 54

Through the process of re-epithelilaisation.
HIPR
Hemostasis - clot and scab develops
Inflammation- inflammatory cells (macrophages on site)
Proliferation- granulation tissue develops (capilary grows and creates network where fibrogenic and Angiogenic start to deposit collagen
Remodelling - collagen becomes dense and vascularity is reduced and new scar is formed.