Cellular Injury

Question 1

Types of stressors

Answer 1

disease, injury, illness

Question 2

Adaptive changes to cells

Answer 2

occur to permit survival and maintain function

Question 3

Exhaustion or inappropriate adaptive efforts cause what?

Answer 3

Damage

Question 4

Physical stimuli that cause cellular injury

Answer 4

1. trauma, temperature changes, radiation, electrical stimulation
2. Direct damage will cause cell rupture/ damage to the cell membrane
3. Local swelling decreases micro-circulation of cell

Question 5

Chemical agents that cause cellular injury

Answer 5

1. Simple compounds: glucose
2. Complex: toxins, therapeutic agents
3. Damages to the cell which disrupts metabolism

Question 6

Microorganisms that cause cellular injury

Answer 6

1. secret toxins
2. interfere with metabolism (ATP)
3. viruses cause injury by releasing viral proteins

Question 7

Genetic Defects that cause cellular injury

Answer 7

1. Inborn problems of metabolism
2. Gross malformations: defects in the DNA

Question 8

Nutritional imbalances that cause cellular injury

Answer 8

1. Deficiencies of vitamins and proteins
2. Excessive food intake (especially lipids)

Question 9

How does hypoxia cause cellular injury?

Answer 9

1. inadequate O2 levels in the blood which will lead to a decrease in O2 sent to cells
   this will cause a reduction in ATP generation, lowered perfusion to tissues, and increase anaerobic glycolysis.

Question 10

What does Anaerobic glycolysis do to the body?

Answer 10

causes an accumulation of lactic acid which will cause the pH to lower and impair enzyme function. This may result in cell death

Question 11

inability of cell to process materials leads to?

Answer 11

In accumulation in the cytoplasm. Metabolic processes are slowed because of impaired ability to make ATP. Energy stores will be depleted.

Question 12

What happens when triglycerides accumulate?

Answer 12

The cytoplasm of the parenchyma of certain organs
-accumulation of fat droplets intracellularly due to improper metabolism (liver, spleen, CNS, heart, and blood vessels)
-stimulates scaring of organ tissue

Question 13

What is Tay-sachs disease?

Answer 13

lipid build-up in the brain due to a lack of enzymes; causes mental and motor deterioration

Question 14

Changes in the cell in response to stimuli

Answer 14

-Impaired calcium homeostasis with cell membrane damage
-increased intracellular calcium released from mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum
-activates potentially damaging enzymes that will affect soft tissue, skin, blood vessels, heart and kidneys
-cause organ dysfunction with increased uptake of calcium into injured cells

Question 15

What does protein accumulation do to the cells?

Answer 15

-undigested protein will cause damage to cellular organelles and disrupt cell function
-mainly seen in the kidneys and immune system

Question 16

What are pigments?

Answer 16

colored substances that accumulate in cells

Question 17

What is an endogenous pigment?

Answer 17

melanin
hemoproteins (iron pigment)

Question 18

What is an exogenous pigment?

Answer 18

from outside the body
- such as tattoo ink

Question 19

Disruption in cell membrane causes?

Answer 19

impaired transport
dysfunction of receptors
free radicals

Question 20

What is hemosiderin?

Answer 20

an iron pigment from the destruction of RBC

Question 21

What is the process of impaired transport?

Answer 21

failure of sodium, potassium ATPase pump will cause an increased uptake of sodium into the cell and increased uptake of potassium into extracellular space. The shift from ECF to ICF will cause cloudiness and intracellular swelling.

Question 22

What are the effects of impaired transport?

Answer 22

problems with electrical impulses nessary for nerve transmission, muscle contraction, and active transport
will become irreversible
causing poor tissue defense