cellular injury and repair

Question 1

why does cell injury happen?

Answer 1

result of stress where cels can no longer adapt or also when they are exposed to damaging chemicals

Question 2

what can injury result in the reduced production of?

Answer 2

ATP, which causes sodium potassium pumps to be effected and damaged which means they can no longer function.

Question 3

what does this result in?

Answer 3

increased amount of water entering the cells, which in turn causes swelling in the effected area

Question 4

what is hyperplasia

Answer 4

when cells increase as a resuly of increases mitosis, this isnt cancer but can become it

Question 5

what is hypertrophy

Answer 5

when cells increase in cell size, if there is enough then the whole organ will increase in size

Question 6

what is atrophy

Answer 6

the opposite of hypertrophy, where cells decrease in size and the whole organ can decrease in size

Question 7

what is bruising caused by?

Answer 7

it is a hype of hematoma, localised bleeding of the tissue and occurs when capillaries are damaged due to trauma

Question 8

what is metaplasia

Answer 8

when cells of a certain type are replaced by another type which may be less differentiated.

Question 9

what is necrosis

Answer 9

chaotic cell death

Question 10

what is apoptosis

Answer 10

programmed cell death

Question 11

what is apoptosis caused by

Answer 11

caused by stimuli eg killer t cell signalling, this is an immune response to cancer or viral infections
or tissue shedding and turn over.

Question 12

what are things that cause necrosis

Answer 12

caused by disturbance to cell membranes, eg electrical shocks, blunt trauma, radiation trauma, temperature extremes. can also happen when there is oxygen stress, which prevents respiration
and infectious toxins

Question 13

does apoptosis need ATP to occur

Answer 13

yes it does

Question 14

does necrosis ned atp to occur

Answer 14

no it occurs when atp is lacking

Question 15

how can apoptisis be useful?

Answer 15

it is programmed to happen, helps to replace cells in active tissue, protective against cancer cells.

Question 16

what happens after cell death in necrosis

Answer 16

explosion release lysomes, neighbouring cells are damaged leading to further cell death

Question 17

what are 3 responses to tissue injury

Answer 17

inflammation,blood clotting,regeneration

Question 18

how does blood clotting occur

Answer 18

happens when there is damage to blood vessels,thromboplasin is released by platelets,this catalyses and makes a enxyme called thrombin.
this creates fibrin fibres that form a mesh and attach to platelets, this the is a blood clot.

Question 19

what is inflammation

Answer 19

it is where tissue fluid is accumulated when damage has happened to capillaries, plasma proteins leak out of tissue fluid followed by water.
can cause heat and pain also

Question 20

what is ischemia

Answer 20

occurs when there is not enough blood supply to a part of the body

Question 21

what is hypoxia

Answer 21

low oxygen in the bloodw

Question 22

what is anoxia

Answer 22

no oxygen in the blood at all

Question 23

what can be the cause of ischemia, hypoxia and anoxia

Answer 23

blood clots that have formed in the arteries, or narrowing of the arteries, stroke, can lead to necrosis of cells in that area

Question 24

what is chronic diabetes

Answer 24

condition where the body no longer controls blood sugar levels, can lead to atrophy

Question 25

what are pressure sores

Answer 25

injury to skin when there is constant pressure over bones, eg bones that can be seen thru skin and do not have much fat to cushion them are more prone to pressure sores.

Question 26

what can burst blood vessels lead to

Answer 26

internal bleeding if extreme