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Cellular level of organization Flashcards

0
Q

What are sex cells(germ cell) and somatic cells? When are they applied?

A

Sex cells are haploid
Somatic cells are diploid

Sex cells or haploid are used during meiosis

Somatic cells or diploid are used during mitosis

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1
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

Haploid and diploid

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2
Q

What is extra cellular fluid or interstitial fluid?

A

It’s the watering thing that surrounds the cell

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3
Q

What does plasma membrane (cell membrane) do?

A

Separates cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid

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4
Q

What are the functions of plasma membrane?

A

Physical isolation: barrier

Regulates exchange with environment: ions and nutrients enter, waste eliminated and Cellular products released

Monitors the environment: extracellular fluid composition, chemical signals

Structural support: anchors cells and tissues

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5
Q

What is double layer of phospholipid? And what determines hydrophobic and hydrophilic?

A

Double layer of phospholipid is barrier to ions and water or soluble compounds

The head of both sides are hydrophilic and it is outside of the membrane

The fatty acids tails are hydrophobic and they are inside of the membrane

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6
Q

What is integral protein

A

Within the membrane

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7
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Bound to inner or outer surface of the membrane

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8
Q

Anchoring protein (stabilizer)

A

Attach to inside or outside structures

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9
Q

Recognition proteins (identifier)

A

Label cells as normal or abnormal

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10
Q

Receptor protein

A

Binds and responds to ligand(ions or hormones)

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11
Q

Carrier Proteins

A

Transport specific solutes through membrane

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12
Q

Channels

A

Regulate water flow and solutes through membrane

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13
Q

What are plasma membrane composed of and what are the functions

A

They are formed of lipid bilayer containing phospholipids, steroids, proteins, and carbohydrates

Their function: isolation,protection, sensitivity, support and controls entry and exit of materials

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14
Q

What is cytosol composed of and its function

A

Distributes materials by diffusion

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15
Q

What is cytoskeleton composed of and its function?examples

A

Proteins organized in fine filaments or slender tubes

Their function is Strength and support; movement of cellular structures and materials.

Structural proteins for shape and strength

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

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16
Q

What is the function of microvilli? What are they attach to?

A

Increase surface area to facilitate(make easier) absorption of extracellular materials

Attach to cytoskeleton

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17
Q

What is the function of Centrioles in Centrosome?

A

Essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division; organization of microtubules in cytoskeleton

Centrioles form spindle apparatus during cell division

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18
Q

Function of cilia

A

Movement of materials or fluids across the cell surface

Small hair like extension

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19
Q

What is the function of ribosome? What does it have to do with endo plasmic reticulum?

A

Ribosome is important for building polypeptides in protein synthesis

Fixed ribosome attach to endoplasmic reticulum

Free ribosomes are scattered in cytoplasm

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20
Q

What is the function of proteasomes?

A

Breakdown and recycling of damaged or abnormal intracellular proteins

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21
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum function

A

Synthesis of secretory products( proteins, carbohydrate,lipids) intracellular storage and transport (materials within ER)

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22
Q

Difference between rough ER and smooth ER

A

Rough ER has ribosome attached to membranes;

Smooth ER no ribosomes attached
synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates

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23
Q

Function of rough ER

A

Modification and packaging of newly synthesized proteins

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24
Function of smooth ER
Lipid and carbohydrate synthesis
25
Function of golgi apparatus
Storage, alteration and packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes Add or remove membrane components
26
Function of lysosome
Clean up inside cells,self destruction of damaged cells Intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens Lyso-dissovle soma -body Lysis-damage
27
Peroxisome function
Catabolism of fats and other organic compounds; neutralization of toxic compounds generated in the process
28
Function of nucleus
Control metabolism; storage and processing of genetic information; control of protein synthesis
29
What are nonmembranous organelles? What are they direct contact with? What do they include
No membrane Direct contact with cytosol Includes cytoskeleton,microvilli,Centrioles,cilia,ribosome,and proteasomes
30
What are membranous organelles? What are they direct contact with? What do they include
Covered with plasma membrane Isolated from cytosol Includes ER,golgi apparatus,lysosome, peroxisomes, and mitochondria
31
Differences between Microfilaments,intermediate filaments and microtubules
Microfilaments are thin filaments Intermediate filaments are mid sized Microtubules are large tubulin protein attach to Centrosome; form spindle apparatus.
32
What are 5 types of membranous organelles
``` ER Golgi apparatus Lysosome Peroxisomes Mitochondria ```
33
Mitochondria function
Takes chemical energy from food (glucose) and produces energy molecule ATP
34
What is aerobic metabolism
It's for cellular respiration and mitochondria use oxygen to break down foods and produce ATP
35
What is the process of glycolisis
Glucose to pyruvic acid in cytosol
36
Relationship between nucleus,chromosome, DNA and protein
Nucleus--chromosome--DNA--stores genetic info for proteins-- protein determines cell structure and function
37
What is transcription
Copying instructions from DNA to mRNA (in nucleus)
38
What is translation
Ribosome reads choose from mRNA (in cytoplasm) Assembels amino acids into polypeptide chain
39
What are three steps of transcription of MRNA
gene activation DNA to mRNA RNA processing
40
What is gene activation?and the process? What step of transcription is it?
It uncoils DNA, removes histone | Promotes and stop the codes on DNA
41
What is the process of DNA to mRNA ?What step of transcription is it?
RNA polymerase transcribes DNA Binds to promoter(start) sequence Reads DNA code for gene Binds nucleotides to form messenger rna MRNA duplicates DNA coding Strand uracil to thymine
42
What is the process of rna processing?what step of transcription is it?
At stop signal, mRNA detaches from DNA molecule ``` Code is edited (rna processing) Unnecessary codes are removed (introns) Good codes(exons) spliced together Triplet of three nucleotides (codon) represents one amino acid ```
43
What are the steps of translation?
The ribosome binds to mRNA at a specific area. The ribosome starts matching tRNA anticodon sequences to the mRNA codon sequence. Each time a new tRNA comes into the ribosome, the amino acid that it was carrying gets added to the elongating polypeptide chain.
44
How mRNA moves in translation
MRNA moves from the nucleus through a nuclear pore To a ribosome in cytoplasm,surrounded by amino acids MRNA binds to ribosomal subunits, Trna delivers amino acids to mRNA Trna anti codon binds to mRNA codon Enzymes join amino acids with preptide bonds At stop codon, components separate
45
Is plasma membrane permeable, impermeable, or selectively permeable
Selectively permeable Allow some materials to move freely and restricts others
46
Selectively permeable restricts materials based on?
Size,charge,molecular shape and lipid solubility
47
Difference between active and passive transport
Active transport requires ATP and energy Passive transport doesn't require any energy
48
What is diffusion?
Movement of solute from high concentration to low concentration Solute spreads through solvent eliminates concentration Gradient Solute move down the concentration Gradient
49
What is osmosis
There is a semipermiable barrier between 2 solution, solute cannot mix Solvent(water molecules)move from low concentration to high concentration Diffusion of water across the cell membrane
50
Does diffusion needs energy?
No, It is passive, doesn't need any energy
51
Is vesicular transport active or passive
Active
52
What does concentration gradient mean
More solute in one part of a solvent than another
53
What compounds diffuse through plasma membrane by simple diffusion?give examples
Lipid soluble and dissolved gasses ie alcohols,fatty acids,steroids,oxygen and carbon dioxide
54
What compounds diffuse through transmembrane proteins (channels)? give examples
Water soluble compounds pass through transmembrane protein ie ions
55
In osmosis, what happens to water molecules if there is more solute molecule
The concentration of water or solvent will be low
56
In osmosis, what is the membrane permeability to water and solvent
Membrane must be freely permeable to water AND selectively permeable to solutes
57
What is isotonic?
Water cannot flow in or out of the cell Size of the cell is constant
58
Hypotonic definition
Hypo-less Has less solutes More water in the cell, gains water Burst
59
Hypertonic definition
Hyper-above Has more solutes and loses water More water outside the cell Shrinks
60
What are carrier proteins?.
they transport molecules that are too large to fit through channel proteins (glucose and amino acids)
61
What are active transport proteins?
They move against the concentration Gradient, it requires energy. Countertransport two ions the Same time.
62
Process of facilitated diffusion | Give examples
Carrier protein passively transport solutes across a membrane down a concentration Gradient Glucose,and amino acids
63
Active transport process and examples
Carrier protein actively transport solutes across a membrane, often against a concentration Gradient Ie. Na+,Ca2+,Mg2+
64
Secondary active transport process and examples
Carrier protein passively transport two solutes,with one (Na+) moving down the concentration Gradient

Anatomy And Physiological (2 decks)

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