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BIOL 2160 > Cellular metabolism > Flashcards

Cellular metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

what is the equation for cellular respiration

A

C6H12+O6–>6CO2 +6H20

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2
Q

reaction is ______

A

bidirectional
A+B (goes back and forth) C+D

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3
Q

what is a catabolic reaction

A

breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules; releases energy

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4
Q

what is anabolic reaction

A

production of larger molecules from smaller reactant; required energy

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5
Q

what is the first law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be destroyed or created, transformed

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6
Q

what is the second law of thermodynamics

A

with every transfer or transformation of energy, some useable energy is release

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7
Q

what is an endergonic reaction?

A

chemical reactions that require an input of energy; products contain more free energy than the reactants.
energetically uphill

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8
Q

what happens in an endergonic reaction?

A

the products have more energy than the reactants

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9
Q

what is an exergonic reaction?

A

chemical reactions that release energy.
products will have less free energy than the reactants.
energetically downhill

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10
Q

what happens in an exergonic reaction

A

the reactants have more energy than the products

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11
Q

how do endergonic reactions in physiology occur? explain with an example

A

energy from the environment is brought down in exergonic reactions to drive the endergonic reactions in our bodies
your cellphone battery releases energy because of the reactions occurring inside of it. if yo put your battery inside of your cell phone then it can be used to power your phone

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12
Q

what is activation energy

A

the energy required for the reactants to engage in a reaction
most molecules lack the activivation energy needed for a reaction to occur

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13
Q

what can activation energy take the form of?

A

heat

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14
Q

what is an enzyme

A

a class of proteins that serve as a biological catalysts(catalysts are chemicals that increase rate of reaction, are not changed by the reaction, have no effect on free energy of reactants or products, in enzymatic reactants or products, in enzymatic reactions, reactants are called substrates)

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15
Q

what are catalysts

A

catalysts are chemicals that increase rate of reaction, are not changed by the reaction, have no effect on free energy of reactants or products, in enzymatic reactants or products, in enzymatic reactions, reactants are called substrates

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16
Q

what is a ligand

A

receptor interactions
anything that binds to a receptor

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17
Q

what is a receptor

A

a protein

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18
Q

what is specificity based on?

A

shape

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19
Q

what does it mean that specificity is only based on shape

A

the substrate and the enzyme must fit together like a lock and key

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20
Q

how are enzymes named

A

function of enzyme + suffix -ase

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21
Q

how is enzyme activity measured?

A

measured by the rate at which substrate is converted to product

22
Q

how is enzyme activity influnced

A

concentration of enzyme and substrate
enzyme-subrate affinity
temperature
pH
regulation oby modulators
covalent regulation
feedback inhibition
feedforward activation

23
Q

how do we speed up reactions?

A

add more enzymes

24
Q

regardless of the enzyme concentration, there will be a ________ ________

A

maximum rate

25
Q

Once all ______ are bound to _____, adding more _____ will not _____ _____ the reaction

A

enzyme, substrate, substrate, speed up

26
Q

when does affinity matter

A

low substrate concentrations

27
Q

what happens to the reactions when temp increases

A

an increase in temp will increase the rate of reactions until the temperature reaches a few degrees above body temp (at that point the enzyme is denatured)

28
Q

when do enzymes exhibit peak activity

A

within narrow pH range

29
Q

what are metabolic pathways

A

most reactions are linked together in a chain (or web)
These begin with an initial substrate and end with a final product with many enzymatic steps along the way

30
Q

what is feedback innhibition

A

If C starts to accumulate too much in the cell, it can inhibit enzyme 2 and stop its own production

31
Q

what is end product inhibition

A

some metabolic pathways have more than one possible end product

32
Q

what is ATP

A

the medium of energy exchange
it powers a lot of endergonic reactins in our cells

33
Q

what happens when water is added to ATP

A

a phosphate group gets removed and this reaction is VERY exergonic (ATOP + (h20)–> ADP +P1)

34
Q

food is brokwn down during cellular respiriation. where does that energy go

A

the engery is released to make ATP

35
Q

what is ATP broken down into?

A

it provides energy for such endergonic reaction as: cellular movement, sythesis, and active transport

36
Q

what is ATP broken down into?

A

it provides energy for such endergonic reaction as: cellular movement, sythesis, and active transport

37
Q

what are the 4 stages of cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis
Linking step
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

38
Q

what is glycolysis

A

this is the first step in catabolism of glucose
occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and does not require oxygen
for every molecule of glucose, 2 pyruvate created, 2 ATP’s consumed, 4 ATPs created, net 2 ATP, 2 NAD+

39
Q

where does glycolysis take place

A

the cytoplasm

40
Q

which cycle of cellular respiration does not require oxygen

A

glycosis

41
Q

what is the input of glycolysis

A

glucose

42
Q

what is the output of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvates, which move on to the Bridge Reaction / Linking Step
2 NADH, which move to the electron transport chain in step 4
2 net ATPs, which are used for energy somewhere else in the cell

43
Q

where does the bridge/linking step take place

A

mitochondrial matrix

44
Q

which steps of cellular respiration require oxygen

A

linking/bridge, krebs, oxidative phosphorylation/electron transport chain

45
Q

what is the input of the bridge/linking step?

A

2 pyruvates

46
Q

what is the output of the bridge/linking step

A

2 acetyl coA molecules, which move on to the Krebs Cycle

2 NADH, which move to the electron transport chain in step 4

47
Q

where does the krebs cycle take place

A

mitochondrial matrix

48
Q

what is the input of the krebs cycle

A

2 acetyl coA molecules

49
Q

what is the output of the krebs cycle

A

(after two turns of the cycle)
6 NADH, 2 FADH2, which all move on to step 4 electron transport chain

2 ATPs, which are used immediately for energy somewhere else in the cell

50
Q

where does the oxidative phosphorylation/electron transport chain take place?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

51
Q

what is the input of oxidative phosphorylation/election transport chain

A

Electrons from all NADH and FADH2 were collected during steps 1-3

52
Q

what is the output of oxidative phosphorylation/electron transport chain?

A

~34 ATPs

BIOL 2160 (3 decks)

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