Cellular Metabolism

Question 1

What is metabolism?

Answer 1

Metabolism is the body’s many chemical reactions.

Question 2

What is the purpose of chemical reactions?

Answer 2

Chemical reactions store & use energy to maintain homeostasis.

Question 3

Define homeostasis.

Answer 3

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment in the body.

Question 4

What does metabolism do?

Answer 4

Metabolism performs all body’s essential functions.

Question 5

What are the two types of metabolic reactions that control use of energy by cells?

Answer 5

• anabolism - Catabolism

Question 6

What is Anabolism?

Answer 6

Anabolism is the building of complex molecules from simpler ones and the storage of energy.

Question 7

What is Catabolism?

Answer 7

This is the breakdown of complex molecules to form simpler ones and the release of energy.

Question 8

What do all cells do?

Answer 8

All cells perform basic chemical reactions.

Question 9

What is oxidation?

Answer 9

Oxidation is where glucose burns in cells to release energy that fuels the process of anabolism

Question 10

Define Oxidation.

Answer 10

Oxidation is reduction action. On substance gains oxygen or loses hydrogen, leads to another substance to gain electrons.

Question 11

How does metabolism occur within the cell?

Answer 11

Enzymes reduce the amount of activation energy needed for oxidation as part of cellular respiration.

Question 12

What occurs between atoms of molecules when their bonds are broken?

Answer 12

Chemical energy is released.

Question 13

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 13

Gas exchange between the atmosphere and cells.

Question 14

What are the three types of reactions that allow this to happen?

Answer 14

• Glycolysis - Citric Acid Cycle also known as the Kreb cycle. - Electron transport chain.

Question 15

Define Glycolysis?

Answer 15

The breakdown of glucose to get lactic or pyruvic acid, which releases energy as ATP.

Question 16

Define Citric Acid Cycle also known as Kreb Cycle.

Answer 16

This is the metabolism of carbon chains of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids. This gets carbon dioxide, water, high energy phosphate bonds (ATP)

Question 17

What is the electron transport chain:

Answer 17

• High energy electrons still contains most of the chemical energy of the original glucose molecule - Oxygen is the final electron acceptor so process called aerobic respiration. - This generates energy in the mitochondria.

Question 18

What is the mitochondria?

Answer 18

It is an organelle within a cell in which energy production occurs along with respiration.

Question 19

What is an ATP?

Answer 19

ATP is Adenosine Triphosphate. It is the high-energy molecule that stores the energy we need to do just about everything we do.

Question 20

What do specific sequences of enzymatic reactions control?

Answer 20

They control cellular respiration, anabolic reactions and catabolic reactions.

Question 21

What are the metabolic pathways?

Answer 21

These are specific enzymatic reactions.

Question 22

What are the three main sequences?

Answer 22

• Glycogenesis - Gluconogenesis - Fats

Question 23

What is Glycogenesis?

Answer 23

It is the process where glucose molecules are join in to long chains forming glycogen.

Question 24

What is Gluconogenesis?

Answer 24

This is the process of forming new glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules.

Question 25

When does Gluconogenesis occur?

Answer 25

This occurs when blood glucose levels drop. Lysis of glycogen is split from it.

Question 26

Why are fats important as a metabolic pathway?

Answer 26

It is the most concentrated energy source

Question 27

Which fat is the only one to be regularly oxidised for energy?

Answer 27

Triglycerides.

Question 28

When does lipogenesis occur?

Answer 28

This occurs when ATP’s and glucose levels are high in the cells.

Question 29

What is Lipolysis?

Answer 29

This is the breakdown of stored fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 30

What occurs when there are excess proteins?

Answer 30

The body cannot store excess proteins so they are broken down and replaced before they deteriorate.

Question 31

Why are amino acids important?

Answer 31

They are the most important anabolic nutrient which form all protein structures and most of the body’s functional molecules.

Question 32

What do Glutamic acids do?

Answer 32

Glutamic acids delaminate amino acids before it can be oxidised for energy.

Question 33

Where does Protein synthesis occur?

Answer 33

It occurs on the ribosomes.

Question 34

What regulates this synthesis?

Answer 34

Hormones such as growth hormones, thyroxine and others.