Cellular Organelles Flashcards
Cytoplasm
Fluid that exists within a cell. Water like solution that fills the cytoplasmic matrix which is the space between the nuclear membrane and the outer layer of the cell.
This fluid is also called intracellular fluid. The majority of cellular functions utilise the cytoplasm
Organelles:
Umbrella term for all the little organs within the cell.
Nucleus:
Control centre of the cell. Protected by its own membrane.
THE BRAIN- The nucleus is responsible for cellular replication. Multinucleated cells include skeletal muscle cells, liver cells and bone dissolving cells.
Endoplasmic Reticulum:
Define Smooth and Rough:
Facilitates the movement of proteins, as well as the production of proteins. A network within the cytoplasm of a cell. Categorised into smooth & rough.
Smooth: Produces phospholipids for the cell membrane Rough: Contains ribosomes (rough parts) that produce protein
Golgi apparatus:
Cell transport for lipids and proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to other parts of the cell.
Cisternae are the cavities at the end (Latin for containing water) This is where the secretory vesicles are formed.
Mitochondria:
The cell power factory. Most important component role is the production of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
The mitochondria have two membranes the inner one folds to form the cristae which increases the surface area and increases the number of available sites where ATP can be produced.
Ribosome/ Free Ribosome:
Produces proteins from RNA. (Non- membranous) RNA- Ribonucleic acid, formed in spherical dense area called the nucleolus.
Can travel outside the nucleus.
Lysosomes:
Storage space for enzymes (lysozyme) that digest old organelles or foreign matter – bacteria.
They are encased in a membrane to protect the cell. When these enzymes destruct the whole cell this is called apoptosis.
Vesicle:
A fluid filled structure used in cellular digestion
Centrioles:
Found within the cell. They allow for attachment and separation of duplicate chromosomes during cell division.
Cilia:
On the outside of some cells. They are the finger like things that help move fluid past the cell surface. Eg: the trachea.
Microvilli:
Part of the outer membrane structure. They are protrusions that increase surface area – seen in the digestive tract with the absorption of nutrients.
Cell Junction (Desmosome):
a cell to cell adhesion point
Connection point that allows ions and other molecules including electrical impulses to go directly between cells.
Peroxisome:
Contain enzymes that help break down amino acids and fatty acids. Similar to lysosomes but contain different enzymes.
The by-product of the chemical reaction that occurs inside a peroxisome hydrogen peroxide.
Outline the role of membranous structures in cellular health.
The membrane is made up of the Phospholipid Bilayer. Each phospholipid has a polar meaning. The head is hydrophobic (water hating) and the tail s hydrophilic (water loving).
This bilayer serves as a barrier to the diffusion of water and hydrophilic substances like glucose- while allowing substances that are lipid soluble like oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse through.
