cellular pathology

Question 1

what is the meaning of pathology

Answer 1

study of disease

Question 2

what is the response of cells who undergo external pressures from the enviorment?

Answer 2

1. cell is changed to maintain homeostasis
2. to survive cells adapt
3. if unable to adapt the cell will die

Question 3

what are some external pressures placed on a cell

Answer 3

trauma
temperature
bacteria

Question 4

what are some internal pressures placed on a cell

Answer 4

oxygen
pH
blood glucose

Question 5

what are the 4 main cell adaptations

Answer 5

1. hyperplasia
2. hypertrophy
3. atrophy
4. metaplasia

Question 6

what is meant by homeostasis

Answer 6

the maintenance of the internal stable conditions. the cell membrane keeps the cell in balance

Question 7

what is the meaning of hyperplasia?

Answer 7

increase in the number of cells

Question 8

give an example of physiological hyperplasia

Answer 8

menstrual cycles

Question 9

give an example of pathological hyperplasia

Answer 9

endometriosis

Question 10

give a definition for physiologic cell adaptation

Answer 10

due to normal stressor or initiator

Question 11

give a definition for pathological cell injury

Answer 11

due to abnormal stressor or initator

Question 12

what is meant by hypertrophy?

Answer 12

increase in the size of the cell

Question 13

skeletal muscle hypertrophy with exercise is what type of hypertrophy

Answer 13

physiological hypertrophy

Question 14

Left ventricle hypertrophy due to High BP is what type of hypertrophy?

Answer 14

pathological hypertrophy

Question 15

what is the definition of atrophy?

Answer 15

decrease in the size of a cell that has at one time been of normal size

Question 16

decrease in uterus size after pregnancy is an example of what type of atrophy

Answer 16

physiologic atrophy

Question 17

loss of stimulus to an organ or muscle; peripheral nerve damage is an example of what type of atrophy

Answer 17

pathological

Question 18

what is the definition for metaplasia?

Answer 18

conversion of one cell type to another

epithelium will be normal in appearance but will be found in an abnormal location

Question 19

what type of metaplasia is cervical ectopy?

Answer 19

physiological metaplasia

Question 20

what type of metaplasia is cellular replacement in the presence of estrogen

Answer 20

physiological metaplasia

Question 21

what type of metaplasia is a conversion from columbar epithelial cells to squamous epithelial cells in the airways of individuals who smoke?

Answer 21

pathological metaplasia

Question 22

when does cell injury occur?

Answer 22

cell injury occurs when the cells cannot adapt to their new environment

Question 23

hypoxia means?

Answer 23

decreased oxygen

Question 24

ischemia means?

Answer 24

decreased blood flow

Question 25

what are the five ways cells can be injured

Answer 25

1. HYPOXIA 2. ISCHEMIA 3. physical and chemical agents 4. trauma 5. infection

Question 26

what is vulnerable to cell injury?

Answer 26

- DNA - Cell Membrane - Protein Generation - ATP Production

Question 27

what are the two divisions of cellular injury

Answer 27

reversible cellular injury and irreversible cellular injury

Question 28

T OR F: irreversible cell injury will lead to cell death?

Answer 28

true

Question 29

what does apoptosis mean

Answer 29

programed cell death in response to damage to the DNA or normal growth and development

Question 30

what initiates apoptosis

Answer 30

caspases is a catalysis of apoptosis

Question 31

what is the execution stage of apoptosis look like

Answer 31

Caspases causes cell death

Question 32

DURING IRREVERSIBLE CELL INJURY IS THERE A INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

Answer 32

No, irreversable cell death does not provoke a inflammatory responce

Question 33

What is necrosis?

Answer 33

uncontrolled cell death

Question 34

in what type of irreversable cell injury is there an inflammatory response

Answer 34

necrosis only

Question 35

what is meant by liquefactive necrosis

Answer 35

transformation of tissue into liquid viscous mass due to bacteria, virus, or parasite

Question 36

where does liquefactive necrosis normally occur

Answer 36

in high fat and low protein organs like the brain or high enzymatic content organs like the pancreas

Question 37

what is meant by fat necrosis?

Answer 37

inflammatory process which results in death of fat cells occurs from trauma

Question 38

where is fat necrosis most common?

Answer 38

in breast tissue

Question 39

what the definition for avascular necrosis (osteonecrosis) ?

Answer 39

death to bone tissue that is caused by a lack of blood supply

Question 40

what does avascular necrosis lead to?

Answer 40

can lead to tiny breaks in the bone and the bone's eventual collapse

Question 41

what causes avascular necrosis?

Answer 41

joint or bone trauma, fatty deposits in the blood vessels, sickle cell anemia

Question 42

what does cellular accumulation mean

Answer 42

a accumulation of substances in the cells as a result of external and internal factors the external factors are damage to the cell the internal factor is genetic abmorality

Question 43

what are the 7 mentioned cellular accumulations that are noticed in the body

Answer 43

1. calcium 2. protein 3. iron 4. fats 5. cholesterol 6. glycogen 7. pigments cpifcgp

Question 44

How do calcium accumulations happen within the cell

Answer 44

patients who have hypercalcemia have deposition of the calcium within normal or abnormal tissues.

Question 45

what is it called when there is calcification on the tricuspid valve

Answer 45

dystrophic calcification

Question 46

as a physical therapist if there is a calcification in the shoulder joint what might you see?

Answer 46

shoulder calcification IMPINGEMENT

Question 47

where might a protein accumulation be noticed

Answer 47

neurofibrillary tangles in alzheimers disease

Question 48

what are the two types of iron accumulation?

Answer 48

hemosiderosis hemochromatosis

Question 49

what is hemosiderosis

Answer 49

accucumulation of iron in organs mainly found in the liver and pancreas

Question 50

what does hemochromatosis mean

Answer 50

a accumulation of iron in the parenchymal cells seen in CHF, Diabetes, and Cirrhosis

Question 51

what is the meaning of parenchymal cells

Answer 51

the normal cell type that lives in that area

Question 52

cellular accumulations of fat are seen where

Answer 52

mostly effect the liver, kidney, heart, and skeletal muscle

Question 53

where would one notice a cellular accumulation of cholesterol

Answer 53

blood vessels athrosclerosis

Question 54

where would one find glycogen accumulations? What normally causes these accumulations

Answer 54

noticed in the liver and skeletal muscles typically from a genetic disorder

Question 55

where would pigment accumulations be found?

Answer 55

exogenous- like a tatoo Endogenous- jonduce

Question 56

what is cellular aging?

Answer 56

the process of becoming older a process that is genetically determined and enviormentally modulated

Question 57

what role do telomeres have in the cellular aging process

Answer 57

protect the end of a chromosome with each cell division they shorten eventually DNA is interpreted as non functional

Question 58

What is the condition where there is early cellular aging occuring

Answer 58

Werners syndrome autosomal recessive

Question 59

what are the pt implications for cellular change?

Answer 59

muscular atrophy and avascular necrosis

Question 60

what would you use for muscular atrophy from cellular aging

Answer 60

- theraputic exercises - strength training - aquatic therapy - standing programs - respiratory manangement - feeding - skeletal and scoliosis management -assistive devices

Question 61

what would you use for avascular necrosis

Answer 61

decrease load with assistive device maintain joint mobility stregthen muscles E-stim and US for stimulating bone growth