cellular pathology

Question 1

pathology

Answer 1

the study of disease

Question 2

disease

Answer 2

deviation from normal state of health and wellness

Question 3

Etiology

Answer 3

the cause of the disease

Question 4

Pathophysiology

Answer 4

what happens in the body during disease

Question 5

pathogenesis

Answer 5

both etiology and pathogenesis combined

Question 6

prevalence

Answer 6

how many of the cases are present in a population at risk

Question 7

Incidence

Answer 7

how many cases occur in a population at risk over a given time

Question 8

symptom

Answer 8

subjective reporting by pt

Question 9

sign

Answer 9

observations by health care provider

Question 10

diagnosis

Answer 10

a definition of an illness

Question 11

treatment

Answer 11

intervention that eliminates the disease

Question 12

Prognosis

Answer 12

how well we can predict how a disease is going to act

Question 13

morbidity

Answer 13

incidence or disease state of individual or incidence of illness in a population

Question 14

mortality

Answer 14

incidence of death in a population

Question 15

Idiopathic

Answer 15

cause is unknown

Question 16

Iatrogenic

Answer 16

disease caused by medical intervention

Question 17

acute

Answer 17

1. sudden and obvious onset

2. short term, develops quickly, resolves quickly

Question 18

Insidious

Answer 18

slow and less obvious

Question 19

Subacute

Answer 19

mid way between acute and chronic

Question 20

Chronic

Answer 20

long term illness that may never resolve, usually sets in slowly

Question 21

Latent

Answer 21

no clinical signs evident (incubation period in infectious diseases)

Question 22

Prodromal stage

Answer 22

illness is evident but isn’t possible to accurately define it

Question 23

Syndrome

Answer 23

a collection of signs and symptoms that occur together in response to illness

Question 24

Atrophy

Answer 24

cells decrease in size

Question 25

Hypertrophy

Answer 25

cells increase in size

Question 26

Hyperplasia

Answer 26

cells increase in number

Question 27

Neoplasia

Answer 27

increased growth of tissue (increase in number of cells resulting in a tumour)

Question 28

Metaplasia

Answer 28

one mature cell type is replaced by another

Question 29

Dysplasia

Answer 29

cells become abnormal in size and shape (precursor to cancer)

Question 30

Anaplasia

Answer 30

cells become less differentiated (look like stem cells)

Question 31

Apoptosis

Answer 31

programmed cell death

Question 32

Necrosis

Answer 32

death of a cell due to metabolic damage

Question 33

Hypoxia

Answer 33

lack of oxygen

Question 34

Ischemia (anoxia)

Answer 34

lack of blood flow

Question 35

Physical agents

Answer 35

heat, cold, radiation

Question 36

mechanical stresses

Answer 36

trauma

Question 37

Coagulative necrosis

Answer 37

most common, cell proteins are altered, prevention of lysis, typically in solid internal organs mostly occurs from anoxia(ischemia)

Question 38

Liquefactive necrosis

Answer 38

dead cells liquefy, most often in brain, can be second stage to coagulative necrosis

Question 39

Caseous necrosis

Answer 39

typically in tuberculosis (fungal infections), special coagulative necrosis with limited liquefaction, tissue becomes cheesy and yellow/white

Question 40

Fat necrosis

Answer 40

special liquefactive necrosis, limited to fat tissue (pancreas or breast)

Question 41

PMNs

Answer 41

most numerous of circulating WBC, up to 5 nuclei, 1st cell to arrive at inflammation cite

Question 42

Eosinophils

Answer 42

2-3% of circulating WBC, slower mobility and reaction to stimuli, Segmented nucleus (2), allergic reactions and parasites

Question 43

Basophils

Answer 43

less than 1% of circulating WBC, important for inflammation, mediated by IgE, larger than PMNs

Question 44

Macrophages

Answer 44

deerived from blood monocytes, larger than PMNs, 3-4 days after onset of inflammation

Question 45

Platelets

Answer 45

no nucleus, released from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, contain granules

Question 46

Lymphocytes

Answer 46

involved in chronic forms of inflammation

Question 47

transudate

Answer 47

fluid that passes through the membrane, fewer cells than exudate

Question 48

Exudate

Answer 48

fluid released from body with high concentration of cells and protein

Question 49

PAthogenesis of inflammation (4)

Answer 49

1. changes in circulation of blood 2. changes in vessel wall permeability 3. release of soluble mediators of inflammation 4. cellular events