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Physiology > Cellular Physiology 2 > Flashcards

Cellular Physiology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How is water synthesized in the body?

A

Oxidation of carbohydrates.
(~2100 ml/day)

Cellular respiration

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2
Q

5 ways we can lose water

A

Skin (nonsweating), Environment (sweating), Physical Exercise, Respiratory Tract, Kidneys, Feces

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3
Q

How can loss of water on the skin be minimized?

A

Cholesterol-filled cornified layer of skin. Can be compromised with burns which increase the amount lost.

300-400 ml/day

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4
Q

When is loss of water greater through the respiratory tract?

A

Cold weather (due to lower atmospheric pressure).

(300-400 ml/day)

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5
Q

How much is lost in sweat?

A

In very hot weather or during exercise this can increase to 1000-2000 ml/hour but thirst mechanism is also increased

100 ml/day

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6
Q

Water loss in feces?

A

Can be increased with diarrhea

100 ml/day

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7
Q

Water loss in kidneys?

A

Most important means of controlling balance between input and output of both water and electrolytes

0.5- 20L a day

Dehydrated person can be as low as 0.5 L/day while hydrated person can be as high as 20L/day

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8
Q

Steady State of Fluid Balance

A

The osmolarity of all bodily fluid compartments is identical to total body osmolarity.

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9
Q

What is the body water weight for newborns, men, women?

A

70-75%> 60%> 50%.
The less fat you have, the more body water you have.

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10
Q

Intracellular Fluid is what percentage of body weight? L?

A

40%
28-32 L

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11
Q

Extracellular Fluid is what percentage of body weight? in L? Components?

A

20%
14L
Intersitital Fluid (11) and Plasma (3)

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12
Q

What is plasma?

A

Noncellular part of the blood (aka non rbc) that exchanges substances continuously with the interstitial fluid through pores in capillary membranes (permeable to most things **except protein) **

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13
Q

What has more protein: Intersitital Fluid or Plasma?

A

Plasma, bc proteins cant exchange from plasma to interstital fluid easily.

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14
Q

Blood Volume is what percentage of body weight? Components and %?

A

7%
~5 L
Blood: 60% plasma, 40% RBC.

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15
Q

Hematocrit

A

Fraction of blood that is RBC.
(True hemtocrit: only about 95% of measured bc when centrifuged, a small amount remains trapped among RBC)

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16
Q

What is the indicator-dilution method?

A

For determining the unknown volume of a compartment.

Volume of a fluid compartment in the body can be measured by placing an indicator substance in the compartment, allowing it to disperse evenly throughout the compartments fluid, then analyzing extent to which the substance becomes diluted.

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17
Q

indicator-dilution calculation?

A

total amount of substance injected into chamber (Volume x Concentration) / total concenrtation of fluid in the chamber

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18
Q

Indicators for Total Body Water

A

Antipyrine
(a soluble lipid and can rapidly penetrate cell membranes and distribute itself uniformly between intracellular and extracellular compartments)

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19
Q

Indicators for Extracellular Fluid

A

For plasma and interstitial fluid. Don’t permeate cell membrane.

Radioactive sodium may diffuse into cells in small amounts so using this indicator is measuring the** “sodium space” or “inulin space”** rather than true extracellular fluid volume

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20
Q

Intracellular Space Calculation (bc no indicator)

In cells

A

Total Body Water- Extracellular Fluid Volume

21
Q

Interstitial Fluid

A

Extracellular Fluid Volume- Plasma

22
Q

Indicator for Plasma Volume

A

must use a substance that does not readily penetrate capillary membranes but remains in vascular system after injection

23
Q

Indicator for Blood Volume

A

Radioactive Cr or
Plasma/(1-hematocrit)

24
Q

Ionic concentrations

A

Na>cl> hco3->ca2+ is higher in plasma, K higher in Intracellular fluid. Glucose is about equal in both ~5.6

25
Q

Look at this graph

A

80% of the total osmolarity of the interstitial fluid and plasma is due to sodium and chloride ions whereas for intracellular fluid almost half is due to potassium ions.

26
Q

What is the osmolarity difference bt plasma and intracellular fluids?

A

1 mOsm/L difference. This is due to osmotic effect of the plasma proteins causing greater pressure in the capillaries

27
Q

Tonicity

A

Concentration of impermeant solutes and refer to whether solutions will cause a change in cell volume.
1.Measure of the osmotic pressure gradient

Osmolarity: total solute concentration

28
Q

Isotonic

Tonicity vs Osmolarity!

A

Water concentration in intracellular and extracellular fluid is equal. Solutes are not moving.

0.9% sodium chloride solution or 5% glucose solution are important in medicine because they can be infused in the blood without danger of upsetting osmotic equilibrium between intracellular and extracellular fluids**

29
Q

Hypotonic

A

water diffuses in and cell swells

solution has lower concentration of impermeant solutes than the solution it is placed in

30
Q

Hypertonic

A

Water diffuses out of the cell, cell shrinks

solution has higher concentration of impermeant solutes than the solution it is placed in

31
Q

Isosmotic

A

Solutions with osmolarity the same as the cell

32
Q

Hyperosmotic

A

Solution that has higher osmolarity than the normal extracellular fluid the cell is used to

33
Q

Hypo-osmotic: solution that has lower osmolarity than the normal extracellular fluid the cell is used to

A

solution that has lower osmolarity than the normal extracellular fluid the cell is used to

34
Q

What type of solution would be used if a condition was causing cellular swelling?

A

A hypertonic solution IV injection.

Cause water to go out of cell

35
Q

What type of solution would be used if a condition was causing cellular shrinkage?

A

Hypotonic Solution

Cause water to go in cell

36
Q

Isotonic Solutions

A

%5 glucose or 0.9%saline solution for dehydrated patients (hypertonic state) in their extracellular fluid, lack of water. This IV injection would help increase extracellular fluid osmolarity.

*Only change extracellular fluid, not osmolarity

37
Q

What happens when you add isotonic NaCl /Saline solution?

A

Increase in extracellular fluid volume only, NO CHANGE in osmolarity!

Dannet-Yarrow Diagrams
38
Q

Addition of hypotonic NaCl

A

decrease of osmolarity in extracellular fluid AND movement of fluid into cells

39
Q

Addition of hypertonic NaCL

A

increase in osmolarity in extracellular fluid as well as movement of fluid out of cells and into extracellular space

40
Q

What is Hyponatremia?

A

Loss of Na in extracellular fluid–> movement of water into the cells–>swelling.

41
Q

What can cause hyponatremia? Symptoms?

A

**-Dehydration (adrenal insufficiency;overuse of diuretics)
-overhydration states (excess ADH; broncogenic tumors). **

-Dehydration, diarrhea, vomiting, retention of water, overuse of diuretics (inhibiting kidneys to conserve sodium).
-Cellular swelling–>brain damage, death

42
Q

Treatment for hyponatremia

A

Hypertonic Solutions.
Add slowly to not outpace the brain’s ability to recapture lost solutes and cause demyelination.

(Less than 10-12 mmol/L in 24 hrs and less than 18 mmol/L in 48 hrs).

43
Q

Hyperatremia

A

Increased sodium in ex space= movement of water out of cells.
Stimulates intense third and attempts to stimulate secretion of antidiuretic hormone.

Less common that hypoatremia

44
Q

What can cause hyperatremia?
Dehydration and Overhydration

A

**-Dehydration (diabetes insipidus, excessive sweating)

-Overhydration states (Cushing’s disease- high cortisol levels;primary aldosternoism)**

-**inability **to secrete antidiuretic hormone (you pee the water out when your body should really be making you stop), excessive secretion of **aldosterone ** can cause overhydration.

45
Q

Treatment of hyperatremia

A

Hyposomotic Solutions slowly to change volume

46
Q

Trick to remember Hypoatremia vs Hyper/dehydration vs overhydration

A

Hypo vs hyper atremia: Na concentration down vs up
Hypo vs hyper atremia: Intracellular Volume Up vs Down
Dehydration vs Overhydration: Ecv down vs up

47
Q

Intracellular Edema is caused by….
And what does a loss of blood and inflammation lead to?

A

hypoatremia, depression of metabolic systems of tissues, lack of nutrition to cells.
1.Loss of blood flow= ion pumps stop working
2.Inflammation= increases cell membrane permeability

(allowing sodium and other ions —> into interior of cell –>subsequent osmosis of water into other cells)

48
Q

Extracellular Edema

A

-Abnormal leakage of fluid plasma–>interstitial spaces across capillaries
-Includes lymphedema

49
Q

Lymphedema

A

-Failure of lymph to return by to blood
-Increased capillary pressure (kidney/heart failure)
-Decreased plasma proteins (burns or liver disease)
-Increased capillary permeability (infection/vitamin def)
-blockage of venous return (surgery or cancer)

Physiology (10 decks)

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