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Cellular Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Total body water accounts for what percent of body weight

A

50-70%

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2
Q

Do females have more or less body water, and why

A

Females have less body water because they typically have more adipose tissue

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3
Q

how does total body water correlate with body fat

A

inversely

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4
Q

difference between ICF and ECF?

A

ICF is contained within the cells (2/3 of body water) and ECF is outside of cells (1/3)

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5
Q

ECF is divided into what two compartments? what are their definitions

A

plasma (fluid circulating in blood vessels- smaller) and intersticial fluid (fluid that actually bathes the cell)

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6
Q

amounts versus concentrations

A

An amount is like moles, osmoses, etc. A concentration is something like moles per liter or osmoses per liter.

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7
Q

a mole

A

6x10^23 molecules of a substance

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8
Q

Equivalent

A

The amount of charged solute and the number of moles of the solute multiplied by the valance.

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9
Q

How does KCl and CaCl2 dissociate in terms of equivalence

A

KCl dissociates into one equivalent of K and one equivalent of CL. CaCl2 dissolves into two equivalents of Ca (because of +2) and two equivalents of Cl (because there are two and each is (-) one).

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10
Q

Osmole versus osmolarity

A

Osmole is number of particles in which a solute dissociates, and osmolarity is concentration of particles in a solution

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11
Q

Principle of macroscopic electroneutrality

A

each compartment must have the same concentrations of positive and negative charges. Even when there are potential differences, there is a maintained balance across the bigger macroscopic

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12
Q

How are the concentrations of sodium and potassium across the membrane

A

more sodium outside, more potassium inside

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13
Q

Na-K ATPase pump

A

actively pumps Na out of the cell (ICF - ECF) and pumps K into the cell (ECF - ICF). Needs ATP because it pumps them against their electrochemical gradient. RESPONSIBLE FOR LOW INTRACELLULAR NA AND HIGH INTRACELLULAR K

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14
Q

There is also a Ca ATPase pump

A

Ca maintained at a lower level in the cell. Pumps against its electrochemical gradient.

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15
Q

What does the composition of the ICF and ECF affect?

A
  1. resting membrane potential of a nerve and muscle (dependent on K across the membrane).
  2. upstroke of an action potential because of the Na concentrations
  3. Excitation-coupling coupling in muscles because of Ca
  4. Absorption of essential nutrients
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16
Q

Gibbs Dinnan Ratio

A

ratio of the plasma concentration to the interstitial fluids.

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17
Q

What kinds of substances are cell membranes highly permeable to?

A

Lipid soluble substances like carbon dioxide, oxygen, fatty acids, steroid hormones.

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18
Q

What kinds of substances have low membrane permeability

A

water soluble, like ions, glucose, amino acids

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19
Q

What kinds of things are the protein components of the cell membrane

A

transporters, enzymes, hormone receptors, cell surface antigens and ion and water channels

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20
Q

The glycerol backbone is ____ while the fatty acid tails are ____.

A

hydrophilic (water soluble) and hydroponics (water insoluble).

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21
Q

intergral proteins

A

embedded in and anchored to the cell membrane by hydrophobic interactions. Usually cross the membrane, and touch the ECF and ICF. Like the Na-K ATPase pumps.

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22
Q

Peripheral Membrane Proteins

A

Not embedded in the membrane and not covertly bound to the membrane components. LOOSELY attached to either the ECF and ICF. electrostatic interactions.

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23
Q

Whats the difference between the downhill and uphill grandients?

A

the downhill requires no energy and can be done by either diffusion (simple of facilitated). Uphill requires energy! active transport (primary or secondary)

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24
Q

Difference between primary and secondary active transport

A

primary requires a direct source of energy, and secondary is an indirect source

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25
what are examples of carrier mediated transport
facilitated diffusion, and all active transport. Meaning there are three components they all have 1. saturation: carrier proteins have a limited number of binding sites for a solute (transport maximum). 2. Stereospecificity: the binding sites on these transport proteins are specific to certain types or strains of a molecule (g- vs l- glucose). 3. Competition: while they are specific, they may bind chemically related proteins (like d-glucose and d-galactose)
26
Simple Diffusion
net diffusion, goes from high to low until they are equal. Driving net force, the larger the concentration difference, the greater the driving force, and the greater the net diffusion
27
partition coefficient (K)
solubility of a solute in oil versus the solubility in water. For example, the K of non polar solutes are higher because they are soluble in oil. Then, polar molecules, insoluble in oil, low partition coefficient (K). k = Conc. oil / Conc. water
28
Diffusion coefficient
based on size. Small solutes in non viscous solutions have the highest diffusion coefficient and diffuse most readily.
29
Thickness of the membrane
the thicker the membrane, the longer it takes to diffuse then the lower the rate of diffusion.
30
Surface Area
The larger the surface area, the greater the rate of diffusion.
31
Permeability includes...
the partition coefficient, the diffusion coefficient, and the membrane thickness.
32
Facilitated Diffusion and an example
uses a membrane carrier and exhibits characteristics of a carrier mediated transport. Example is the D-glucose into skeletal muscle and adipose cells by the GLUT4.
33
Primary Active Transport
moved uphill, against the electrochemical gradient. LOW to HIGH needs energy. Need ATP, which is hydrolyzed to ADP and a P, which is transported to the transport protein and begins the process of phosphorylation and de-phosphorylation
34
What are the three types of primary active transport
Na-K ATPase Pump, Ca ATPase Pump, and H-K ATPase Pump
35
Na-K Pump
on all membranes of the cells. It pumps NA out of the cell, and pump K into the cell, against the gradient. 3 Na out and 2 K into the cell. more positive is pumped out then in. Keeps the Na inside the cell low and the K inside the cell high.
36
Cardiac glycosides
like ouabain and digitalis. Inhibits the Na-K Pump, causing an increase of Na inside and a decrease of K inside.
37
Ca ATPase Pump
on most cell membranes, pumps one Ca out of the cell for every ATP, keeps the intracellular Ca concentration low.
38
How are the SR and endoplasmic reticulum involved with the Ca pump?
They pump two Ca from inside the cell into the SR. Called SERCA pumps
39
H-K pump
parietal cells of gastric mucosa, and the alpha intercalated cells of renal collecting duct. Pumps H from the ICF of the parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach.
40
Omeprazole
used to inhibit the H-K pump, which will reduce the secretion of H from the parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach, and can be used to treat some types of peptic ulcer disease.
41
Secondary Active Transport
one solute moves down its gradient, and the other solute moves up its gradient. The downhill movement provides ATP for the uphill movement.
42
Two types of secondary active transport
Co-transport and Counter-tranpsort
43
Cotransport
SYMPORT. solutes are transported in the same direction.
44
Counter-transport
ANITPORT. Solutes move in opposite directions across the membrane
45
isosmotic, hyperosmotic and hyposmotic
same osmolarity, The one with higher osmolarity and the one with lower osmolarity, respectively PER MOLE
46
Osmosis
movement of water across a membrane based on solute concentrations
47
What is the driving force of osmosis
pressure differences
48
how is osmotic pressure calculated
van't Hoff equation
49
isotonic hypotonic and hypertonic
ISO: same osmotic pressure hypo: lower osmotic pressure hyper: higher osmotic pressure
50
Ion Channels | controlled by what, and then how do particles move
channels that allow the passage of ions, based on charge (negative channel will let in positive charges) and size. They are SELECTIVE. Controlled by gates. When gates are open, ions flow based on electrochemical gradients.
51
three types of gated channels
1. voltage gated (by membrane potentials. activation and inactivation gates) 2. second-messenger gated channels: intracellular signaling molecules, which make it open and close 3. ligand gated channels: controlled by hormones and NT
52
Diffusion potentiels
caused by the diffusion of ions. if no ions diffuse, there is no diffusion potential
53
magnitude of diffusion potential. what does the sign mean
in millivolts sign depends on what kind of charge is diffusing
54
by convention, membrane potential is expressed as _____ potential relative to _____ potential
intracellular relative to extracellular
55
What does a transmembrane potential of -70mV mean?
there is a difference of 70 mV and the inside of the cell is negative!
56
Driving force
difference between the actual, measured potential and the ions calculated equilibrium potential
57
If the driving force is negative, an anion will ___ the cell and a cation will ___ the cell
leave the cell, enter the cell
58
What is a normal resting membrane potential, and what contributes to it
normal resting membrane potential is -70 - -80 mV. membranes are more permeable to K and Cl than to Na and Ca
59
Action potential
rapid depolarization (upstroke) followed by depolarization of the membrane potential.
60
Depolarization
making a membrane potential less negative. Making the inside of the cell less negative, or even more positive
61
Hyperpolarization
making the membrane potential more negative, making the inside of the cell more negative
62
Inward current
positive charges flow into the cell, like the flow of Na into the cell during uptake
63
Outward current
flow of positive charges outside of the cell, like the flow of K out of the cell during REpolarization.
64
Threshold potential
membrane potential needed to make an AP happen. need an inward current to depolarize the cell, then when it is sufficient enough (more Na coming in and less K by comparison leaving) you get an upstroke of the AP
65
overshoot
the portion the AP where the membrane potential is positive (so the cell interior is positive)
66
refractory period
a time in which another AP cannot be formed.
67
Characteristics of AP
Stereotypical size and shape: all AP's look alike Propagation: one AP causes another AP right next door All-or-none response: If the membrane does not depolarize to the needed level, no AP can occur
68
at resting membrane potential, K permeability is ____ as is __ permeability. And Na conductance or permeability is
K is high (K diffusion channels are open and it diffuses out of the cell), as is Cl. Na is low.
69
initial depolarization causes what to happen
the opening of the activation gates of Na channels. Na conductance shoots up, making Na flood into the cell.
70
How do the gates of the Na channel respond?
The activation gate opens very quickly in response to depolarization, and the inactivation gate closes more slowly to the depolarization.
71
How does the Na channel respond to the stages of the AP
at rest, the activation gates are closed, but the inactivation gates are open, meaning if depolarization is gonna happen, they will be ready During the upstroke, the activation gates are opened and the inactivation gates stay open for a short time, allowing Na to rush in and further depolarization to occur. At the peak of the AP, the inactivation gates close, and depolarization can begin.
72
Difference between absolute and relative refractory period.
During absolute, there can be no AP no matter what happens. During relative, it coincides with the hyperepolarization period, and an AP can occur is there is a greater than normal depolarization (like more than normal).
73
Whats accommodation
when the cell depolarizes too slow, and the Na channels close, and remain closed. So then when a depolarization comes along again, the channels can't open and there is no upstroke.
74
Conduction velocity
speed of AP down a nerve. Speed info travels around the nervous system.
75
Current flows along the ____
path of least resistance
76
Changes in conduction velocity
To increase conduction.... 1. Increasing nerve diameter (the larger the fiber, the lower the internal resistance because of its cross sectional area) 2. Myelination
77
at the nodes of ranvier the resistance is ___ which means... KNOWN AS
low, which means action potentials can occur. Without these nodes, no APs. Saltatory conduction
78
Types of synapses. Where are they found and why
Electrical (gap junctions) Found in cardiac and smooth muscle to allow for rapid, simultaneous contraction. and chemical (synaptic clefts). NT
79
Sequence of events at a chemical synapse
1. AP in presynaptic cell causes Ca channels to open 2. Ca floods into the presynaptic terminal, which causes the synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters (exocytosis) 3. NT across the synaptic cleft 4. postsynaptic cleft membrane potential changes when the NT bind to postsynaptic receptors 5. Either depolarization (excitatory) or hyper polarization (inhibitory) occurs

Physiology (7 decks)

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