Cellular Processes

Question 1

Membrane

Answer 1

A semi-permeable phospholipid bi-layer that is the key structural component of the organelles and what surrounds the cells. Mediates what moves in and out of the cell.

Question 2

Chloroplast

Answer 2

Organelle that is the site of photosynthsis

Question 3

Vacuole

Answer 3

Organelle where water is stored

Question 4

Mitochondria

Answer 4

Organelle that is the site of aerobic respiration

Question 5

Active transport

Answer 5

Movement of substances in or out of the cell that requires energy (ATP) at a protein pump because molecules are moving against the concentration gradient

Question 6

Passive transport

Answer 6

Movement of substances in or out of the cell that does not require energy because the substance is moving with the concentration gradient

Question 7

Diffusion

Answer 7

Movement of substances from high to low concentration

Question 8

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 8

Movement of substances, from high to low concentration, across the cell membrane using specialised transport proteins/protein channels

Question 9

With the concentration gradient

Answer 9

Movement of substances in the direction of an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Question 10

Against the concentration gradient

Answer 10

Movement of substances in the direction of an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

Question 11

Osmosis

Answer 11

Movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration

Question 12

Flaccid

Answer 12

Term used to describe a cell that is limp or loose due to lack of water pressure against the cell membrane

Question 13

Turgid

Answer 13

Term used to describe a cell that is filled with water and is pushing against the membrane

Question 14

ATP

Answer 14

Molecule used by the cell as an energy source. Made in cellular respiration

Question 15

Endocytosis

Answer 15

Movement of molecules into the cell by the folding of the cell membrane

Question 16

Exocytosis

Answer 16

Movement of molecules out of the cell by the folding of the cell membrane

Question 17

Respiration

Answer 17

The process in which the cell produces usable energy in the form of ATP from oxygen and glucose (water and carbon dioxide a byproducts of this process)

Question 18

Aerobic respiration equation

Answer 18

Glucose + Oxygen → Water + Carbon dioxide

Question 19

Aerobic respiration

Answer 19

Respiration that requires oxygen to release energy from glucose in the form of high yield of ATP

Question 20

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 20

Respiration that does not require oxygen to release energy from glucose in the form of ATP

Question 21

Photosynthesis

Answer 21

Process in which energy from sunlight is used to produce glucose from water, carbon dioxide. (Oxygen is a by-product of this process)

Question 22

Photosynthesis equation

Answer 22

Water + Carbon dioxide (+light energy) → Glucose and Oxygen

Question 23

Light dependent Phase

Answer 23

First phase of photosynthesis in which light energy is used to split water producing oxygen and hydrogen

Question 24

Light Independent Phase

Answer 24

Second phase of photosynthesis in which hydrogen and carbon dioxide are used to produce glucose

Question 25

ADP

Answer 25

Molecule made after phosphate is removed from ATP and energy is released

Question 26

Glucose

Answer 26

Sugar that is a source of chemical potential energy

Question 27

Enzyme

Answer 27

A protein that is a biological catalyst - increases the rate of chemical reactions in the cell through creating better orientation and in turn more collisions between substrate (reactants)

Question 28

Catalyst

Answer 28

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change

Question 29

Active site

Answer 29

The area of an enzyme which has a very specific shape so that the substrate(s) can bind

Question 30

Substrate

Answer 30

Molecule/substance that binds with an enzyme in a chemical reaction

Question 31

Co-factor/Co-ezyme

Answer 31

Molecule that binds to an enzymes active site to complete the shape

Question 32

Non-competitive inhibitor

Answer 32

Substance that binds to an enzyme and changes the shape of the active site stopping the substrate from binding

Question 33

Competitive Inhibitor

Answer 33

Molecule that binds to an enzymes active site which blocks that substrate from binding

Question 34

Semi-conservative replication

Answer 34

When DNA replication has occurred each molecule has one strand of parental DNA and one strand of newly synthesized DNA

Question 35

Nucleotide

Answer 35

The subunit of DNA, made of a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base

Question 36

Mitosis

Answer 36

Cell division where the replicated chromosomes separate to create two identical cells

Question 37

S Phase

Answer 37

Synthesis stage, also know as the stage for DNA replication

Question 38

G1 Phase

Answer 38

The cell makes the requirements for cell division e.g. the enzymes and the nucleotides

Question 39

Cell cycle

Answer 39

The series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division

Question 40

G2 Phase

Answer 40

The cell makes the requirements for mitosis such as growth and production of new proteins

Question 41

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 41

Weak bonds between the nitrogenous bases that make DNA double stranded

Question 42

Complementary base pairing

Answer 42

The way in which the nitrogenous bases of the DNA molecules align with each other, i.e. A binds with T G binds with C

Question 43

Organelle

Answer 43

An organelle is a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell