Cellular Regulation

Question 1

Physical Assessment

Warning signs of Cancer

Answer 1

• Change in bowel or bladder habits→ ex) blood in stool
• a sore that does not heal
• unusual bleeding/discharge
• thickening/lump in breast/elsewhere
• indigestion/difficulty swallowing
• change in a wart/mole
• nagging cough/hoarseness

Question 1

Anemia

Answer 1

• Insufficent intake/use of chemicals required to produce new RBCs
• Reduction of RBCs
• Decreased O2-carrying capability of RBCs

Question 1

Teaching: Complementary health practices to prevent alterations in cellular regulation

Answer 1

• Encourage pt to increase intake of fruits & veggies to at least 5 servings/day
• Protect skin w/ sunscreen
• Discourage smoking
• Have homes tested for hazardous sub.
• Screenings/ Self examinations for HPV, breast, & testicular cancers
• Hx of cancer in the family

Question 2

Lysosomes

Answer 2

“the stomach”

• vesicles w/ powerful enzymes that clean up cellular debris
• eat unwanted bacteria
• digestive cells have more lysosomes

Question 3

Atrophy

What is it?

Answer 3

-decrease in cell size

Question 3

Hypertrophy

Answer 3

-Increase in cell size

Question 4

Ribosomes

Answer 4

-help in the production of enzymes & other proteins needed for cell repair & reproduction

Question 5

Mitochondria

Answer 5

• “power plant”
• provides 95% of the body’s energy for cell repair, movement, and reproduction
• Enzymes within break down O2 and convert it into ATP (energy)

Question 6

Leukemia

Answer 6

-Form of cancer causing excessive & rapid formation of immature WBCs that don’t function as well as mature WBCs would

Question 8

Hyperplasia

Answer 8

• increase in cell number/ density of normal cells
• due to: response to stress, increased metabolic demands, or elevated hormone levels (e.g. myocardial cells, uterine cells)
• cells are under “normal” DNA control

Question 9

Sickle Cell Anemia

Answer 9

RBCs are formed in a sickle shape, increaasing the risk for clumping in small capillaries & resulting in reduced blood flow to the tissues

Question 10

Diagnostic tests
When checking for cancer

Answer 10

• biopsy
• bone marrow
• CT
• MRI
• PET
• X-Ray
• Ultrasound
• CBC
• Serum chem panel
• tumor markers
• urinalysis
• lumbar puncture

Question 11

Nucleous & Nucleolus

Answer 11

• the “brain of the cell”
• regulates the activities of the organelles
• have chromosomes which contain DNA in them
• Nucleolus makes RNA which form ribosomoses

Question 13

Anaplasia

Answer 13

• Regression of a cell to a immature or unddifferentiated cell type
• Damage/transformation takes place in division of undiff. cell
• Leading to loss of useful function
• No DNA control
• Not reversible

Question 15

Endoplasmic Reticulum (2)

Answer 15

• Rough ER: synthesis of proteins
• Smooth ER: synthesis of lipids & steroids

Question 16

The Cell Cycle

Answer 16

• 4 phases of cell growth & development
• Cells divide through Mitosis and Meiosis
• Cell cycle is controlled by cyclin-dependent kinases

(cyclins combined w/ enzymes)

Question 17

Metaplasia

Answer 17

• reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less mature cell type
• cells differentiate into cells not normally found @ that location in the body (e.g. columnar ciliated epithelium are replaced by squamous stratified epithelium in the lungs of smokers)
• cells under normal DNA control & are reversible when stressor/disruptive condition stops

Question 18

Cancer Care Interventions

Nurses should teach clients:

Answer 18

• Increase intake of fruits and veggies (at least 5 servings/day)
• protect skin w/ sunscreen
• discourage smoking
• have home tested for radon/any potential hazardous substances
• know their family Hx r/t cancer
• appropriate screening exams (pap smear, breast self exams, & testicular examination)

Question 20

Leukemia (Treatment)

Answer 20

• Chemotherapy
• Radiation therapy
• Bone marrow transplant
• Complementary (Same as Cancer)

Question 21

Dysplasia

Answer 21

• deranged cell growth
• cells show abnormal variations in size, shape, appearance, & arrangement
• loss of DNA control over differentiation
• Usually deal w/ irritation (Cervix –> HPV, Leukoplakia in the mouth due to smoking)

Question 21

Sickle Cell Anemia (Treatment)

Answer 21

• Chemotherapy
• Hydration
• Pain management
• Blood transfusions

Question 22

Cancer: Breast, Prostate, Lung, Colon

Answer 22

Can be either benign/ metastatic; depends on the location & ability to spread to other areas of the body

metastatic cancers tend to reproduce much faster, because of increased vascularity & nutritional support

Question 23

Cell Membrane

Answer 23

• Protective covering; holds the cell’s shape & contents together
• Carries antigens
• allows materials in & out of the cell

Question 24

Anemia (Treatment)

Answer 24

• Aimed at increasing intake of the missing nutrient/chemical that promotes RBCs production
• May need meds to stimulate RBC production in marrow (epoetin)
• Blood Transfusions

Question 25

Cytoplasm

Answer 25

• Protect cell & contents in a watery soup
• the % of H2O must be balanced & maintained in order for the cell to survive

Question 26

Cancer (Treatment)

Answer 26

• Chemotherapy
• Radiation therapy

Surgical resection

Complementary: Herbs&Supplements, massage, guided imagery

Question 27

DNA & Genes

Answer 27

• 23 pairs of chromosomes (46); which hold about 6 ft of DNA
• DNA molecules are made up of nucleotides/bases (A,G,T,C)
• The order of the bases give the exact instructions for the cells’ function

Question 28

Golgi Complex/Apparatus

Answer 28

• “post office”
• once proteins are synthesized, they are sent here for processing
• encapsulates the proteins in order to send it out to the rest of the body
• secretory organs (pancreas, salivary glands) have larger golgi complexes