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Biology > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Aim of cellular respiration

A

Refers to the biochemical pathways that release energy from glucose

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2
Q

Energy from glucose

A

Energy released from glucose through cellular respiration is used to generate the coenzyme ATP

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3
Q

What happens when a cell needs energy?

A

High Energy bond in ATP is broken and the phosphate is removed, releasing the energy stored in the bond

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4
Q

Catabolic

A

Larger/complex compounds are broken down into simpler ones. Energy is also released

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5
Q

Exergonic

A

When energy is released

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6
Q

ADP to ATP

A

Cells can store excess energy by adding an Pi to the ADP, storing the energy in the bond, forming ATP once again

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7
Q

Anabolic

A

Smaller compounds make larger compounds. Energy is needed

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8
Q

Endergonic

A

When energy is required or is stored in a bond

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9
Q

NAD+

A

-> A coenzyme
-> Is a energy carrier
-> In ETC, NADH –> NAD+ and the energy released are used in the formation of ATP

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10
Q

FAD/FADH2

A

-> A coenzyme
-> Energy carrier
-> In Krebs: FAD ->FADH2
-> In ETC: FADH2 –> FAD and the released energy is used to make ATP

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11
Q

2 types of Cellular respiration

A
  • Anaerobic (oxygen absent )
  • Aerobic (oxygen present)
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12
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A
  • Glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen and is produces CO2 and H2O
  • Includes Krebs and ETC ( both occur in mitochondria )
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13
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A
  • Products formed depend on the type of organism this process occurs within.
  • Plants and yeast carry out Alcohol fermentation:
    glucose –> ethanol + CO2 + 2 ATP
  • Animal carry out lactic acid fermentation
    glucose –> lactic acid + 2 ATP
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14
Q

Glycolysis- Anaerobic

A
  • Location: Cytosol of the cell
    -Break down the large glucose molecules into 2 smaller molecules (Pyruvate)
    Inputs: Glucose, 2 NAD+, 2 ADP + Pi
    Outputs: 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH, Net of 2 ATP
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15
Q

Pyruvate Oxidation

A
  • Pyruvate are transported by Active Transport to the fluid matrix of the mitochondria
  • Pyruvate –> 2 Acetyl CoA
  • 2 NADH are produced and CO2 (Waste)
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16
Q

Krebs Cycle- Aerobic

A
  • Location: Fluid matrix of the mitochondrion
  • Is a series of biochemical reactions, each catalysed by a different enzyme

Inputs: 2 Acetyl-CoA, 2ADP+Pi, 2 NAD+, 2FAD+
Outputs: 2 ATP, 2NADH, 2FADH, 4CO2

  • Contains many ribosomes due to the large number of enzymes required for the Krebs cycle
17
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A
  • Location: Inner membrane of the mitochondria, the (cristae)
  • Overall purpose is to transport protons ( H+ ions) and electrons across a membrane (cristae) as a system for generating ATP
    Inputs: NADH, FADH2, ADP + Pi, O2
    Outputs: NAD+, FAD+, 26 OR 28 ATP, H2O
  • The more cristae there are, the more surface area there s available for carrying out the reactions of the electrons transport chain
18
Q

Aerobic Respiration Equation

A

C6H12O6 +6O2 –> 6CO2 +6H2O + 30 OR 32 ATP

19
Q

What makes up the ETC

A

In the inner membrane of mitochondria, there are protein complexes including enzymes and cytochromes which are embedded. They form an interconnected series.

20
Q

Number of ATP produced for each stage

A

Glycolysis: 2 ATP
Krebs: 2 ATP
ETC: 26 or 28 ATP
Total Aerobic Yield: 30 or 32 ATP

21
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A
  • Is far less efficient than aerobic cellular respiration
  • Begins with the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate forming 2 ATP
22
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A

Location: Cytoplasm
- Through glycolysis, glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate further broken down into lactic acid
Inputs: ADP + Pi, Glucose, NAD+
Outputs : 2 ATP, NAD+ , Lactic Acid

23
Q

Ethanol Fermentation

A

Location: Cytosol
- Through glycolysis, glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate further broken down into ethanol and CO2
Inputs: ADP + Pi, Glucose, NAD+
Outputs: 2 ATP, NAD+, Ethanol, CO2

24
Q

Temperature affecting cellular respiration

A
  1. Temperature: When temp is below opt there is low kinetic energy= low cellular respiration = enzymes become inactivated due to lose of flexibility in the bonds at the active site making it unable to bind to substrates
    –> Optimal temp is when max rate of cellular respiration
25
Q

Glucose availability affecting cellular respiration

A

–> All chemical reactions are limited by the concentration of reactants
–> Glucose is the substrate for glycolysis, therefore the availability of glucose will affect the rate at which this first occurs.
Increased glucose availability = increased rate of cellular respiration

26
Q

Oxygen Concentration affecting cellular respiration

A

-> If oxygen availability is low = rate will decrease
–> When oxygen concentration is low, cells stop aerobic and begin anaerobic cellular respiration
–> HIgh oxygen concentrations will increase the rate of aerobic respiration and decrease the rate of anaerobic respiration

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