cellular respiration

Question 1

ATP / ADP

Answer 1

Adenosine Triphosphate
Adenosine

Question 2

Ribose

Answer 2

Pentose sugar

Question 3

Properties of ATP

Answer 3

Water soluble - meaning it can move freely in water

Stable at neutral pH (in the cytoplasm)

Cannot pass plasma membrane

Third phosphate easily broken off and attached again.

Small quiantity of energy transfer means minimal enegry lost as heat.

Question 4

Synthesising molecules

Answer 4

Usage of ATP in the cell. Building molecules from small to big, ex building muscles, building bonds.

Endothermic - meaning that it needs energy.

Condensation reactions - combines two molecules into one, with the loss of a small molecule such as water.

DNA in replication, RNA in transcription, protein in protein syntheis (translation).

Question 5

Usage of ATP

Answer 5

Active transport - up the concentration gradient

phosphorylates - the attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or an ion.

It phosphorylates the transporter making the protein change conformation (shape), forcing the molecule to the other side.

When phosphate is removed, the protein is reverted to its original, more stable, conformation
Na/K pump.

Question 6

Usage of ATP 2

Answer 6

Movement
- moving parts of the cells or deforming the cell requires energy.
- moving vesicles
- amoeboid movement

Question 7

Regenerating ATP from ADP

Answer 7

Energy is needed to rebuild ADP and P1.
Processes that can generate ADP are:
- cell respiration
- photosynthesis
- chemosynthesis

Question 8

Chemosynthesis

Answer 8

bacteria harvesting energy from inorganic chemicals

Question 9

Cell respiration

Answer 9

takes place in the cell and carbon compounds are oxidised to release energy used to generate ATP.

Question 10

The different pathways in metabolism:

Answer 10

Aerobic - in the mitochondria, uses oxygen. Generates a high amount of ATP.

Anaerobic - in the cytoplasm. Little ATP produced.

ATP must be produced very often in

Question 11

Result of anaerobic respiration:

Answer 11

2 ATP is formed in a process called glycolisis (since glucose is the fuel).

Pyruvate molecules that are formed from splitting the glucose continues to the next path (mitochondria for cell aerobic respiration) - if oxygen is present.

Or if oxygen is missing then fermentation in the cytoplasm

Question 12

Fermentation

Answer 12

Occurs to allow ATP production in the glycolisis even without oxygen.

Lactic acid fermentation:
humans, bacteria and other animals.
Pyruvate converted to lactate. There is a limit for the lactic acid in the cell (oxygen will restore the pyruvate form lactate later.

Ethanol fermentation:
fungi and yeast.
Pyruvated converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide.