Cellular Respiration Bio Bits

Question 1

What defines NAD+

Answer 1

Coenzyme

Question 2

What kind of reaction occurs when the reactants have more free energy than the products?

Answer 2

Exergonic Reaction

Question 3

What kind of process is cellular respiration?

Answer 3

Oxidative Process

Question 4

What are the reactants of cellular respiration?

Answer 4

Glucose and Oxygen Gas

Question 5

What are the products of cellular respiration?

Answer 5

Carbon Dioxide, Water, and ATP

Question 6

What step acts as a regulator for the rate of glycolysis?

Answer 6

PFK

Question 7

Where does eukaryotic glycolysis occur?

Answer 7

Cytoplasm

Question 8

What is the final product of glycolysis?

Answer 8

Pyruvate

Question 9

2 NADH, 2 ATP, and 2 Pyruvate are the net products of what?

Answer 9

Glycolysis

Question 10

What is the phosphorylation of glucose step important during glycolysis?

Answer 10

Traps glucose inside the cell

Question 11

What is the first enzyme to work on glucose in glycolysis?

Answer 11

Hexokinase

Question 12

In which locations can NADH be produced during eukaryotic cellular respiration?

Answer 12

Cytosol and Mitochondrial Matrix

Question 13

The conversion of glucose into pyruvate is which step of cellular respiration?

Answer 13

Glycolysis

Question 14

How much NET ATP is formed in glycolysis?

Answer 14

2 ATP

Question 15

Through which process is ATP formed in glycolysis?

Answer 15

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

Question 16

Which enzyme aids in the initial phosphorylation of glucose during glycolysis?

Answer 16

Hexokinase

Question 17

What is the function of phosphofructokinase (PFK) in cellular respiration?

Answer 17

Adds the second phosphate to glucose

• Irreversible step
• Commits the glucose to glycolysis

Question 18

Why is ADP more stable that ATP?

Answer 18

ATP features high-energy phosphate bonds, which is why it’s used as the energy molecule but also why it is unstable

Question 19

After glucose is phosphorylated for the SECOND time during glycolysis, it becomes ____?

Answer 19

Fructose 1,6- Bisphosphate

Question 20

What is produced from one glucose molecule?

Answer 20

2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, and 2CO2

Question 21

Which step of cellular respiration transforms pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA

Answer 21

Pyruvate Decarboxylation

Question 22

Which processes produce NADH?

Answer 22

• Glycolysis
• Pyruvate Oxidation
• Krebs Cycle

Question 23

Where does pyruvate decarboxylation take place?

Answer 23

Mitochondrial Matrix

Question 24

During pyruvate decarboxylation, pyruvate forms into _____?

Answer 24

Acetyl-CoA

Question 25

What does Acetyl-CoA combine with to form citrate?

Answer 25

Oxaloacetate

Question 26

How many intermediates are present in the Krebs Cycle?

Answer 26

8

Question 27

What are the products from each pyruvate molecule in the Citric Acid Cycle?

Answer 27

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1GTP, 2CO2

Question 28

In what process is GTP produced in the Krebs Cycle?

Answer 28

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

Question 29

What is the net production in the Krebs Cycle after two pyruvates are introduced?

Answer 29

6NADH, 2FADH2, 2GTP, and 4CO2

Question 30

Which process produce FADH2?

Answer 30

Krebs Cyclc

Question 31

Where does the Krebs Cycle occur in eukaryotes?

Answer 31

Mitochondrial Matrix

Question 32

Which two steps of cellular respiration occur in the mitochondrial matrix?

Answer 32

Pyruvate Decarboxylation and Krebs Cycle

Question 33

What is the product of the first step in the citric acid cycle?

Answer 33

Citrate

Question 34

What is regenerated at the end of the Krebs Cycle?

Answer 34

Oxaloacetate

Question 35

In the Krebs Cycle, how many molecules of GTP are produced per one molecule of glucose?

Answer 35

Two

Question 36

In the Krebs Cycle, how many FADH2 are produced per one molecule of pyruvate?

Answer 36

1

Question 37

What is produced from one pyruvate during pyruvate oxidation?

Answer 37

1 Acetyl-CoA, 1NADH, and 1CO2

Question 38

Which enzyme catalyzes pyruvate decarboxylation?

Answer 38

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Question 39

Creating an electrochemical gradient to power ATP synthase is the main purpose of what?

Answer 39

Electron Transport Chain

Question 40

ATP is a _____

Answer 40

RNA Nucleotide

Question 41

The oxidation of which Krebs Cycle products form the hydrogen ions that are used in chemiosmosis?

Answer 41

NADH and FADH2

Question 42

The electrical charge gradient caused by the chemical gradient in cellular respiration is converted into which form of energy following ATP Synthase?

Answer 42

Kinetic Energy

Question 43

How do hydrogen ions flow in chemiosmosis?

Answer 43

Intermembrane Space to Mitochondrial Matrix

Question 44

Why is ATP an unstable molecule?

Answer 44

Has three negatively charged phosphate groups

Question 46

The change from a _____ stable molecule to a _____ stable molecule always releases energy (exergonic)

Answer 46

Less, More - Formation of ADP

Question 48

Which of the steps in cellular respiration produces the largest amount of ATP?

Answer 48

Chemiosmosis

Question 49

Where is the eukaryotic electron transport chain located?

Answer 49

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 50

What is the location of water formation in the Electron Transport Chain?

Answer 50

Complex IV

Question 51

ADP + P converts back to ATP via

Answer 51

ATP Synthase

Question 52

What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?

Answer 52

O2

Question 52

Where is the location of the prokaryotic electron transport chain?

Answer 52

Plasma membrane

Question 52

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

Answer 52

Electron Transport Chain

Question 52

What conversion occurs in oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 52

ADP --> ATP

Question 52

What catalyzes the conversion of ADP into ATP in the electron transport chain?

Answer 52

ATP Synthase

Question 53

What is produced with the final electron acceptor (O2) of the electron transport chain?

Answer 53

Water

Question 54

In electron transport, hydrogen ions flow from the _____ to the _____

Answer 54

Mitochondrial matrix; intermembrane space

Question 55

What distinguishes prokaryotic and eukaryotic energy production?

Answer 55

Eukaryotes need to transfer two NADH

Question 56

What process involves a series of redox reactions along the inner mitochondrial membrane?

Answer 56

Electron Transport Chain

Question 57

What are considered to be anaerobic respiration?

Answer 57

Glycolysis and fermentation

Question 58

What is a crucial aspect for the continuation of glycolysis and developed during aerobic respiration with the help of oxygen gas?

Answer 58

NAD+

Question 59

What regenerates NAD+ without the presence of oxygen?

Answer 59

Fermentation

Question 60

What are the intermediates in alcohol fermentation?

Answer 60

Acetaldehyde and CO2

Question 61

What is the final electron acceptor in alcohol fermentation?

Answer 61

Acetaldehyde

Question 62

What is most likely occurring to human muscle cells during physically difficult and rapid exercises?

Answer 62

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Question 63

Both alcohol and lactic acid fermentation use what as a reactant?

Answer 63

Pyruvate

Question 64

In the presence of excess ATP, what occurs to the lactate created from lactic acid fermentation?

Answer 64

Converted to glucose

Question 65

What aids in NAD+ regeneration for aerobic respiration?

Answer 65

O2

Question 66

What is the most unfavorable energy source?

Answer 66

Proteins

Question 67

Which organ deaminates the amino acids that enter the human body?

Answer 67

Liver

Question 68

What process separates ammonia from amino acid molecules in humans?

Answer 68

Oxidative deamination

Question 69

Beta oxidative catabolizes _____

Answer 69

Fatty Acids

Question 71

What is the process of glucose production from non-carbohydrates in the liver and kidneys?

Answer 71

Gluconeogenesis

Question 72

What is stored after hefty meals by humans?

Answer 72

Glycogen

Question 73

What aids in storing glucose as glycogen?

Answer 73

Insulin

Question 74

What causes the break down of glycogen?

Answer 74

Glucagon

Question 75

What occurs to disaccharides when the human body uses alternative carbohydrate energy sources?

Answer 75

Hydrolyzed into monosaccharides

Question 77

What part of our bodies store glycogen in large amounts?

Answer 77

Skeletal muscle and liver cells

Question 78

Triglycerides in the small intestine are broken down into _____

Answer 78

Glycerol and fatty acids

Question 79

Elevated blood glucose levels, especially after large meals, could include a malfunctioning ____(organ)?

Answer 79

Pancreas

Question 80

What is used to break down triglycerides?

Answer 80

Lipases

Question 81

What do fats get converted to in order to enter glycolysis in animal cellular respiration?

Answer 81

PGAL

Question 82

What is a precursor to PGAL to enter the glycolytic pathway?

Answer 82

Glycerol

Question 83

Where does beta-oxidation occur in animal cells?

Answer 83

Mitochondrial matrix

Question 84

In humans, ammonia gets converted into _____

Answer 84

Urea

Question 85

In plants, cellular respiration occurs in the _____

Answer 85

Mitochondria

Question 86

In humans, every two carbon cuts in saturated fats produce _____

Answer 86

1NADH and 1FADH2