Cements

Question 1

is a type of cement that is used as the binding agent in concrete. It is made by heating limestone and clay to high temperatures in a kiln.

Answer 1

portland cement

Question 2

when was Portland cement invented and by who

Answer 2

invented in 1824 by Englishman Joseph Aspdin and patented in 1825.

Question 3

where did the name portland cement come from

Answer 3

The name comes from its similarity to the stone quarried on the Isle of Portland, Dorset, England.

Question 4

Portland cement is one of the most widely used high-carbon cement in use today because it has a large amount of silica that makes up __% of its weight

Answer 4

13%

Question 5

major reason why portland cement is so widely used.

Answer 5

its low heat of hydration

Question 6

The limestone version of portland is called

Answer 6

“caliche”

Question 7

the clay version of portland cement is called

Answer 7

“portland”

Question 8

The raw material that is commonly used in the manufacturing of portland cement mainly consists of

Answer 8

lime, silica, alumina and iron oxide

Question 9

Two types of materials are necessary for the production of portland cement

Answer 9

one rich in calcium calcareous, such as limestone, chalk, etc., and one rich in silica (argillaceous) such as clay.

Question 10

known as cement rock, found in New
Jersey and the Lehigh district of
Pennsylvania.

Answer 10

argillaceous limestone

Question 11

Usual products for general construction. There are other types of
this cement, such as white, which contains less ferric oxide, oil-well cement, quick-setting cement, and others for special uses.

Answer 11

TYPE I - REGULAR PORTLAND CEMENTS

Question 12

Use where moderate heat of hydration is required or for general
concrete construction exposed o moderate sulfate action. The
heat evolved from these cements should not exceed 295 and 335
1/g after 7 and 28 days respectively

Answer 12

TYPE II - MODERATE HEAT OF HARDENING AND SULFATE RESISTING PORTLAND CEMENTS

Question 13

Made from raw materials with a lime- to-silica ratio higher than
that of Type I cement and are ground finer than Type I cements.
They contain a higher proportion of tricalcium silicate (CS) than
regular portland cements.

Answer 13

TYPE III - HIGH EARLY STRENGTH (HES)

Question 14

contain a lower percentage of tricalcium silicate (C3S) and
tricalcium aluminate (C3A), thus lowering the heat evolution.

Answer 14

TYPE IV - LOW HEAT PORTLAND CEMENT

Question 15

composition or processing resist sulfates better than other four
types. It is used when high sulfate resistance is required.

Answer 15

TYPE V - SULFATE RESISTING
PORTLAND CEMENTS

Question 16

a special cement which has air bubbles introduced in the
cement or concrete that provides the space for expansion of
minute droplets of waters in the concrete due to freezing and
thawing and protects from cracks and damage of concrete

Answer 16

AIR ENTRAINMENT

Question 17

a material which is not cementitious in itself but becomes admixture with lime. It is with the
same strength with the Portland cement. Its
advantage is that it resists the corrosive action
of saline solutions and seawater much better.

Answer 17

pozzolans

Question 18

manufactured by fusing a mixture of limestone and bauxite. It is characterized by a very rapid rate of development of strength and superior resistance to seawater and sulfate-bearing water.

Answer 18

high alumina cements

Question 19

silica-filled, chemically setting silicate cements withstand all concen- trations of inorganic acids except hydrofluoric. They are not suitable at pH values above or in the presence of crystal-forming systems.

Answer 19

silicate cements

Question 20

• homogeneous plasticized filled sulfur ingots possessing low coefficients of expansion.
• are resistant to nonoxidizing acids and salts but should not be used in the presence of alkalies, oils, greases, or solvents.

Answer 20

sulfur cements

Question 21

polymer-bonded concretes and usually contain no portland cement. These products consist of aggregate plus resins such as epoxy, methyl methacrylate, or polyester.

Answer 21

polymer concrete

Question 22

discovered by the French chemist Sorel and
sometimes called Sorel’s cement, is produced by the exothermic action of a 20% solution and magnesium chloride on a blend of magnesia obtained by calcining magnesite and magnesia obtained from brines.

Answer 22

magnesium
oxychloride cement

Question 23

is the cheapest, most widely used alkali in
the world.

Answer 23

lime

Question 24

• usually gray, but it may also be white, yellow or
  brown.
• a soft rock and is easily scratched.
• sedimentary rock composed principally of calcium carbonate (calcite) or the double carbonate of calcium and magnesium
  (dolomite).
• It is commonly composed of tiny fossils, shell
  fragments and other fossilized debris.

Answer 24

lime

Question 25

the first definite written information concerning lime was handed down from the

Answer 25

Romans

Question 26

is the 5th most abundant element in the Earth's crust and limestone/chalk forms 20% of the world's sedimentary rock. Some of the earliest evidence for the use of lime dates back roughly 10,000 years ago.

Answer 26

calcium

Question 27

It serves as a basic raw material in the production of calcium salts and for improving the quality of certain soils.

Answer 27

lime

Question 28

Lime has always been a cheap commodity because

Answer 28

limestone deposits are readily available in so many sections of the United States.

Question 29

obtained from deposits of limestone, marble, chalk, dolomite, or oyster shells.

Answer 29

carbonates of calcium and magnesium

Question 30

is preferred as a starting material because of the high-calcium lime that results.

Answer 30

pure limestone

Question 31

two types of kiln used to produce lime

Answer 31

rotary and vertical kiln

Question 32

a widely used industrial chemical. As a marble chips, it is sold in many sizes as a filler for artificial ston, for the neutralization of acids, and for chicken grit

Answer 32

calcium carbonate

Question 33

is employed in abrasives and in soaps.

Answer 33

marble dust

Question 34

Use as a depilatory in the tanning industry and cosmetics.

Answer 34

calcium sulfide

Question 35

to lay dust on highways and to melt ice and snow in winter

Answer 35

halide salts

Question 36

use as insectiside and fungicide

Answer 36

calcium arsenate

Question 37

The acetate was formerly pyrolyzed in large amounts to produce acetone, but now it is employed largely in the dyeing of textiles.

Answer 37

calcium acetate

Question 38

The lactate is sold for use in medicines and in foods as a source of calcium; it is an intermediate in the purification of fermentation lactic acid.

Answer 38

calcium lactate

Question 39

is one of the most widely distributed elements, occupying 1.9 percent of the earth's crust. It occurs usually in the chloride, silicate, hydrated oxide, sulfate, or carbonate, in either a complex or in simple salts.

Answer 39

magnesium

Question 40

first became available commercially shortly before 1914, when the Germans initiated production, using magnesium chloride from the Stassfurt deposits as the raw material

Answer 40

magnesium metal

Question 41

important domestic sources of magnesium salts are

Answer 41

seawater. certain salt wells, bitterns from sea brine, salines, dolomite, and magnesite (MgCO3)

Question 42

used extensively for refractories and insulating compounds, as well as in the manufacture of rubber, printing inks, pharmaceuticals, and toilet goods.

Answer 42

magnesium compounds

Question 43

magnesium compound employed as fillers in inks, paints, and varnishes.

Answer 43

magnesium carbonates

Question 44

Oxide is formed on heating

Answer 44

magnesium carbonate

Question 45

Hydroxide is made from

Answer 45

seawater

Question 46

prepared by the action of sulfuric acid on magnesium carbonate or hydroxide.

Answer 46

magnesium sulfate

Question 47

made from hydrochloric acid and magnesium hydroxide.

Answer 47

magnesium chloride

Question 48

includes asbestos and talc.

Answer 48

magnesium silicates

Question 49

is a fibrous, noncombustible mineral.

Answer 49

asbestos

Question 50

is found naturally in soapstone.

Answer 50

talc